A small tool to view real-world ActivityPub objects as JSON! Enter a URL
or username from Mastodon or a similar service below, and we'll send a
request with
the right
Accept
header
to the server to view the underlying object.
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"content": "Historical Scenes from Russian Revolution 1917 and Civil War 1918<br /><br />Please follow our channel for unique and rare historical footage and materials from all around the world. <br /><br />The footage includes the following elements: <br /><br />1, Peace Negotiations at the German-Russian Front (1917).<br />This Soviet newsreel attempted to brighten the mood of the people by showing signs of fraternization on the German front. Pictures include Kaiser Wilhelm's signature on the peace document, and German and Russian soldiers standing in position at the Front. <br /><br />2, Moscow Daily Life (1918) <br />Moscow. July 2, 1918. Muscovites swarm the market and stand in line to get rare foodstuffs and other articles of daily life at Sukhareva Square. <br /><br />3, The Liquidation of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks (1918).<br />Scenes from the city of Petrograd during the convening and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks. Includes: agitation, rallies and demonstrations in favor of elections to the Constituent Assembly. Movement through the city of the armed detachment of the Latvian Rifles, cannon in front of the Tauride Palace. A funeral procession for victims of the confrontation of the marchers with troops on January 5. <br /><br />4, Rebellion in Yaroslavl (1918)<br />The ruined city of Yaroslavl after suppression of the Left Social Revolutionary rebellion. Spasskii Monastery: the church, bell steeple and other buildings, destroyed by artillery fire. City buildings destroyed by artillery. Residents amongst the ruins. <br /><br />MUSIC CREDITS: <br /><br />Melancholy Lake (from Youtube Free Audio Library) <br /><br />and<br /><br />Dark City by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license <br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=RussianRevolution\" title=\"#RussianRevolution\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#RussianRevolution</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=SovietUnion\" title=\"#SovietUnion\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#SovietUnion</a> #1917 #1918<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahV_hGry0bA\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahV_hGry0bA</a>",
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"published": "2019-05-29T02:32:41+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "Historical Scenes from Russian Revolution 1917 and Civil War 1918\n\nPlease follow our channel for unique and rare historical footage and materials from all around the world. \n\nThe footage includes the following elements: \n\n1, Peace Negotiations at the German-Russian Front (1917).\nThis Soviet newsreel attempted to brighten the mood of the people by showing signs of fraternization on the German front. Pictures include Kaiser Wilhelm's signature on the peace document, and German and Russian soldiers standing in position at the Front. \n\n2, Moscow Daily Life (1918) \nMoscow. July 2, 1918. Muscovites swarm the market and stand in line to get rare foodstuffs and other articles of daily life at Sukhareva Square. \n\n3, The Liquidation of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks (1918).\nScenes from the city of Petrograd during the convening and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks. Includes: agitation, rallies and demonstrations in favor of elections to the Constituent Assembly. Movement through the city of the armed detachment of the Latvian Rifles, cannon in front of the Tauride Palace. A funeral procession for victims of the confrontation of the marchers with troops on January 5. \n\n4, Rebellion in Yaroslavl (1918)\nThe ruined city of Yaroslavl after suppression of the Left Social Revolutionary rebellion. Spasskii Monastery: the church, bell steeple and other buildings, destroyed by artillery fire. City buildings destroyed by artillery. Residents amongst the ruins. \n\nMUSIC CREDITS: \n\nMelancholy Lake (from Youtube Free Audio Library) \n\nand\n\nDark City by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license \n\n#history #RussianRevolution #SovietUnion #1917 #1918\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahV_hGry0bA",
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"content": "Soviet Propaganda Cartoon from 1924 about future interplanetary revolution<br /><br />Soviet Interplanetary Revolution. Events very likely to happen by 1929. <br /><br />Soviet Propaganda Film from 1924, imagining the progress of revolution. <br /><br />A tale about Comrade Cominternov, the Red Army soldier, who flew to outer space and defeated all the capitalists, fascists and enemies of the people. <br /><br />This Soviet Propaganda Cartoon from 1924 is a gem, and truly one of a kind. <br />It depicts the travel of Comrade Cominternov to outer space, where he meets all kind of “evil” capitalists, fascists and enemies of the people, and defeats them in order to spread the revolution not only internationally on Earth, but interstellarly (if that word exists) for the greater good of all living beings. The cartoon has somewhat difficult symbolism, but the way they attempted to express things back in 1924 is just fascinating. <br /><br />Copyright info: Public Domain. <br /><br />Creator: Z. Komisarenko, Y. Merkulov, N. Kodataev<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=sovietunion\" title=\"#sovietunion\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#sovietunion</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=propaganda\" title=\"#propaganda\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#propaganda</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=russia\" title=\"#russia\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#russia</a><br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h89E1FQNFWA\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h89E1FQNFWA</a>",
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"published": "2019-05-28T02:01:52+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "Soviet Propaganda Cartoon from 1924 about future interplanetary revolution\n\nSoviet Interplanetary Revolution. Events very likely to happen by 1929. \n\nSoviet Propaganda Film from 1924, imagining the progress of revolution. \n\nA tale about Comrade Cominternov, the Red Army soldier, who flew to outer space and defeated all the capitalists, fascists and enemies of the people. \n\nThis Soviet Propaganda Cartoon from 1924 is a gem, and truly one of a kind. \nIt depicts the travel of Comrade Cominternov to outer space, where he meets all kind of “evil” capitalists, fascists and enemies of the people, and defeats them in order to spread the revolution not only internationally on Earth, but interstellarly (if that word exists) for the greater good of all living beings. The cartoon has somewhat difficult symbolism, but the way they attempted to express things back in 1924 is just fascinating. \n\nCopyright info: Public Domain. \n\nCreator: Z. Komisarenko, Y. Merkulov, N. Kodataev\n\n#history #sovietunion #propaganda #russia\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h89E1FQNFWA",
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"content": "Please follow our channel for unique and rare historical footage and materials from all around the world. <br /><br />This Soviet Propaganda Cartoon from 1924 is a gem, and truly one of a kind. <br />It depicts the gluttony of the rich in Imperial Russia, and shows how the unity of the working class and the peasantry (shoulder to shoulder, as represented very oddly in the cartoon) is able to overthrow and tax the rich for the benefit of the people. <br /><br />This short cartoon also demonstrates the Russian Orthodox Church, and how priests argue among themselves, while benefit from the poor. The Red Army soldier is depicted as the servant of the people. <br /><br />Copyright info: Public Domain. <br /><br />Creator: Dziga Vertov Goskino<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=cartoon\" title=\"#cartoon\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#cartoon</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=propaganda\" title=\"#propaganda\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#propaganda</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Russia\" title=\"#Russia\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Russia</a> <br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLRtQDzWvNo\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLRtQDzWvNo</a>",
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"published": "2019-05-27T16:15:29+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "Please follow our channel for unique and rare historical footage and materials from all around the world. \n\nThis Soviet Propaganda Cartoon from 1924 is a gem, and truly one of a kind. \nIt depicts the gluttony of the rich in Imperial Russia, and shows how the unity of the working class and the peasantry (shoulder to shoulder, as represented very oddly in the cartoon) is able to overthrow and tax the rich for the benefit of the people. \n\nThis short cartoon also demonstrates the Russian Orthodox Church, and how priests argue among themselves, while benefit from the poor. The Red Army soldier is depicted as the servant of the people. \n\nCopyright info: Public Domain. \n\nCreator: Dziga Vertov Goskino\n\n#history #cartoon #propaganda #Russia \n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLRtQDzWvNo",
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"content": "Please follow our channel for unique and rare historical materials from all over the world. <br /><br />Historical Street Scenes from the 1920s Holland The Netherlands. <br /><br />Please help us identifying the cities and the exact locations! <br /><br />Scenes include: market, transportation, trams, cars, people walking down the streets going about their everyday business. <br /><br />Music credits: <br />Baby Steps (YouTube Free Audio Library)<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=vintagefootage\" title=\"#vintagefootage\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#vintagefootage</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Netherlands\" title=\"#Netherlands\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Netherlands</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=interwar\" title=\"#interwar\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#interwar</a><br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjQwQSzgJ64\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjQwQSzgJ64</a>",
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"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/979415247930269696",
"published": "2019-05-26T16:06:31+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "Please follow our channel for unique and rare historical materials from all over the world. \n\nHistorical Street Scenes from the 1920s Holland The Netherlands. \n\nPlease help us identifying the cities and the exact locations! \n\nScenes include: market, transportation, trams, cars, people walking down the streets going about their everyday business. \n\nMusic credits: \nBaby Steps (YouTube Free Audio Library)\n\n#history #vintagefootage #Netherlands #interwar\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjQwQSzgJ64",
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"content": "Please follow our channel for unique and rare historical materials from all over the world. <br /><br />Please check out these wonderful and unique historic San Francisco scenes from this rare 1929 footage. <br /><br />Copyright info: Public Domain, can be used, reused, modified without restrictions. <br /><br />Creator: unknown. <br /><br />This is a very old footage, so please judge the quality accordingly. I have done some editing in order to improve audio and video quality, but there was not much room to work with. <br /><br />Included are aerials; the Pacific Telephone Building; looking down Market Street, shot from around 8th Street; the Ferry Building; Goat Island, with ferry in background; San Francisco Bay; view through Golden Gate; ferry and shipping on Bay; shots of waterfront piers from the air; MS Ferry Building with streetcars in front; streetcars (trolleys) turning; crowds; Oakland and Lake Merritt, Oakland City Hall; aerial view of University of California stadium in Berkeley; Campanile (on UC Berkeley campus) seen through the trees; Market Street from Twin Peaks; CU downtown streets; aerial view of San Francisco Civic Center; Union Square looking south; street scene; cable car turning around at Powell Street turntable; building construction; Chinatown street scene; pagoda and stores in Chinatown; Chinese people on sidewalk; signs in windows; Chinese girls; view of San Francisco homes; park; ships loading at piers; various views of loading; cargo on hand truck; hemp being unloaded by longshoremen; various scenes of dockhands and longshoremen working moving cargo; silk from China being unloaded.<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3aIN50MtMs\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3aIN50MtMs</a><br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=sanfrancisco\" title=\"#sanfrancisco\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#sanfrancisco</a> #1929 <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=cablecar\" title=\"#cablecar\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#cablecar</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=streetcard\" title=\"#streetcard\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#streetcard</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=greatdepression\" title=\"#greatdepression\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#greatdepression</a>",
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"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/979147379689275392",
"published": "2019-05-25T22:22:06+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "Please follow our channel for unique and rare historical materials from all over the world. \n\nPlease check out these wonderful and unique historic San Francisco scenes from this rare 1929 footage. \n\nCopyright info: Public Domain, can be used, reused, modified without restrictions. \n\nCreator: unknown. \n\nThis is a very old footage, so please judge the quality accordingly. I have done some editing in order to improve audio and video quality, but there was not much room to work with. \n\nIncluded are aerials; the Pacific Telephone Building; looking down Market Street, shot from around 8th Street; the Ferry Building; Goat Island, with ferry in background; San Francisco Bay; view through Golden Gate; ferry and shipping on Bay; shots of waterfront piers from the air; MS Ferry Building with streetcars in front; streetcars (trolleys) turning; crowds; Oakland and Lake Merritt, Oakland City Hall; aerial view of University of California stadium in Berkeley; Campanile (on UC Berkeley campus) seen through the trees; Market Street from Twin Peaks; CU downtown streets; aerial view of San Francisco Civic Center; Union Square looking south; street scene; cable car turning around at Powell Street turntable; building construction; Chinatown street scene; pagoda and stores in Chinatown; Chinese people on sidewalk; signs in windows; Chinese girls; view of San Francisco homes; park; ships loading at piers; various views of loading; cargo on hand truck; hemp being unloaded by longshoremen; various scenes of dockhands and longshoremen working moving cargo; silk from China being unloaded.\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3aIN50MtMs\n\n#sanfrancisco #1929 #cablecar #streetcard #greatdepression",
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"content": "THE FINAL JOURNEY OF THE LUSITANIA PASSENGER SHIP:<br /><br />RMS Lusitania Leaves New York City for her final journey, May 1915<br /><br />On this footage passengers arrive to the port by taxi, board the ship and the ship leave port. <br /><br />Please follow our channel for unique and rare historical materials from all over the world. <br /><br />Copyright info: Public Domain. <br /><br />Music credits: <br />Prelude No. 15 by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license <br /><br />Carol of Bells<br />Ceremonial Prelude <br /><br />RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner and briefly the world’s largest passenger ship. The ship was sunk on 7 May 1915 by a German U-boat approximately 11 mi (18 km) off the southern coast of Ireland. <br />Lusitania was a holder of the Blue Riband appellation for the fastest Atlantic crossing, and was briefly the world's largest passenger ship until the completion of her sister ship Mauretania, three months later. The Cunard Line launched Lusitania in 1906, at a time of fierce competition for the North Atlantic trade. She sank on her 202nd trans-Atlantic crossing. <br /><br />Both Lusitania and Mauretania were fitted with revolutionary new turbine engines that enabled them to maintain a service speed of 25 knots(46 km/h; 29 mph). They were equipped with lifts, wireless telegraph and electric light, and provided 50% more passenger space than any other ship; the first class decks were noted for their sumptuous furnishings.<br /><br />The Royal Navy had blockaded at the start of the First World War. The UK declared the entire North Sea a war zone in the autumn of 1914, and mined the approaches; in the spring of 1915 all food imports for Germany were declared contraband. When RMS Lusitania left New York for Britain on 1 May 1915, German submarine warfare was intensifying in the Atlantic. Germany had declared the seas around the United Kingdom a war zone, and the German embassy in the United States had placed newspaper advertisements warning people of the dangers of sailing on Lusitania.<br /><br />On the afternoon of 7 May, a German U-boat torpedoed the Lusitania 11 mi (18 km) off the southern coast of Ireland and inside the declared war zone. A second, unexplained, internal explosion, sent her to the seabed in 18 minutes, with the deaths of 1,198 passengers and crew<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAuSEHkmYhQ\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAuSEHkmYhQ</a><br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=lusitania\" title=\"#lusitania\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#lusitania</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=worldwar1\" title=\"#worldwar1\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#worldwar1</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=u\" title=\"#u\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#u</a>-boat <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=shipping\" title=\"#shipping\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#shipping</a> ",
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"published": "2019-05-25T22:15:28+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "THE FINAL JOURNEY OF THE LUSITANIA PASSENGER SHIP:\n\nRMS Lusitania Leaves New York City for her final journey, May 1915\n\nOn this footage passengers arrive to the port by taxi, board the ship and the ship leave port. \n\nPlease follow our channel for unique and rare historical materials from all over the world. \n\nCopyright info: Public Domain. \n\nMusic credits: \nPrelude No. 15 by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license \n\nCarol of Bells\nCeremonial Prelude \n\nRMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner and briefly the world’s largest passenger ship. The ship was sunk on 7 May 1915 by a German U-boat approximately 11 mi (18 km) off the southern coast of Ireland. \nLusitania was a holder of the Blue Riband appellation for the fastest Atlantic crossing, and was briefly the world's largest passenger ship until the completion of her sister ship Mauretania, three months later. The Cunard Line launched Lusitania in 1906, at a time of fierce competition for the North Atlantic trade. She sank on her 202nd trans-Atlantic crossing. \n\nBoth Lusitania and Mauretania were fitted with revolutionary new turbine engines that enabled them to maintain a service speed of 25 knots(46 km/h; 29 mph). They were equipped with lifts, wireless telegraph and electric light, and provided 50% more passenger space than any other ship; the first class decks were noted for their sumptuous furnishings.\n\nThe Royal Navy had blockaded at the start of the First World War. The UK declared the entire North Sea a war zone in the autumn of 1914, and mined the approaches; in the spring of 1915 all food imports for Germany were declared contraband. When RMS Lusitania left New York for Britain on 1 May 1915, German submarine warfare was intensifying in the Atlantic. Germany had declared the seas around the United Kingdom a war zone, and the German embassy in the United States had placed newspaper advertisements warning people of the dangers of sailing on Lusitania.\n\nOn the afternoon of 7 May, a German U-boat torpedoed the Lusitania 11 mi (18 km) off the southern coast of Ireland and inside the declared war zone. A second, unexplained, internal explosion, sent her to the seabed in 18 minutes, with the deaths of 1,198 passengers and crew\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAuSEHkmYhQ\n\n#lusitania #worldwar1 #u-boat #shipping ",
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"content": "TODAY IN HISTORY: Defence of Brest Fortress (22 June 1941 - 24 July 1941)<br /><br />DOCUMENT from the defence of Brest Fortress: <br /><br />Copy of the inscription found inside the citadel: <br />\"I'M DYING, BUT I WON'T SURRENDER! Farewell Motherland. 20.VII.41\" - exhibited in the Museum of the defence of the Brest fortress.<br /><br />The defence of Brest Fortress took place 22 June – 24 July 1941. The Brest Fortress, defended by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht, held out longer than expected and, after the Second World War had finished, became a symbol of Soviet resistance. In 1965 the fortress received the title of Hero Fortress for the 1941 defence.<br /><br />The garrison in the fortress comprised approximately 9,000 Soviet soldiers, including regular soldiers, tankmen, border guards and NKVD operatives. There were also 300 families of the servicemen inside the fortress as well.<br /><br />The 45th Infantry Division (Austrian) (about 17,000 strong) had the task to take the fortress during the first day. For the first five minutes of the shelling it was supported by parts of the artillery of the 31st and 34th Infantry Divisions. The 45th division had neither war planes nor tanks at its disposal, but was supported on 22 June by a battery of assault guns (Sturmgeschütze) from 34th division and on June 29, by some Ju 88 planes that dropped 23 bombs.<br /><br />On June 25 and June 26, 1941, local fighting continued mainly in the citadel. In the evening of June 26, 1941, most of the northern Kobrin fortification, except the East Fort, was captured by the Germans.<br /><br />As the East Fort could not be taken by the German infantry, the Luftwaffe bombed it twice on June 29 and forced its approximately 360 defenders to surrender.<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=politics\" title=\"#politics\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#politics</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=worldwar2\" title=\"#worldwar2\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#worldwar2</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=russia\" title=\"#russia\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#russia</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=sovietunion\" title=\"#sovietunion\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#sovietunion</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=communism\" title=\"#communism\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#communism</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=barbarossa\" title=\"#barbarossa\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#barbarossa</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=stalin\" title=\"#stalin\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#stalin</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=easterneurope\" title=\"#easterneurope\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#easterneurope</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=brest\" title=\"#brest\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#brest</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=todayinhistory\" title=\"#todayinhistory\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#todayinhistory</a>",
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"content": "TODAY IN HISTORY: Defence of Brest Fortress (22 June 1941 - 24 July 1941)\n\nDOCUMENT from the defence of Brest Fortress: \n\nCopy of the inscription found inside the citadel: \n\"I'M DYING, BUT I WON'T SURRENDER! Farewell Motherland. 20.VII.41\" - exhibited in the Museum of the defence of the Brest fortress.\n\nThe defence of Brest Fortress took place 22 June – 24 July 1941. The Brest Fortress, defended by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht, held out longer than expected and, after the Second World War had finished, became a symbol of Soviet resistance. In 1965 the fortress received the title of Hero Fortress for the 1941 defence.\n\nThe garrison in the fortress comprised approximately 9,000 Soviet soldiers, including regular soldiers, tankmen, border guards and NKVD operatives. There were also 300 families of the servicemen inside the fortress as well.\n\nThe 45th Infantry Division (Austrian) (about 17,000 strong) had the task to take the fortress during the first day. For the first five minutes of the shelling it was supported by parts of the artillery of the 31st and 34th Infantry Divisions. The 45th division had neither war planes nor tanks at its disposal, but was supported on 22 June by a battery of assault guns (Sturmgeschütze) from 34th division and on June 29, by some Ju 88 planes that dropped 23 bombs.\n\nOn June 25 and June 26, 1941, local fighting continued mainly in the citadel. In the evening of June 26, 1941, most of the northern Kobrin fortification, except the East Fort, was captured by the Germans.\n\nAs the East Fort could not be taken by the German infantry, the Luftwaffe bombed it twice on June 29 and forced its approximately 360 defenders to surrender.\n\n#history #politics #worldwar2 #russia #sovietunion #communism #barbarossa #stalin #easterneurope #brest #todayinhistory",
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"content": "The BATTLE OF STALINGRAD and the 2018 FIFA FOOTBALL WORLD CUP in Russia: <br /><br />Nearly 60 years since it changed its name to Volgograd, the Russian city once called Stalingrad and its bloody history loom large even in the midst of the fun and football of the World Cup.<br /><br />The city was basically reduced to rubble in the Battle of Stalingrad, which claimed the life of nearly 2 million German and Soviet soldiers in 1942-43. The modern day residents of Volgograd will forever remember the sacrifices of their ancestors.<br /><br />\"It's sacred for us because in every family in the Volgograd region, there are people who died in the battle and we mustn't forget about it and every year we do patriotic action and do some lessons for children so they know all about it,\" said 21-year-old Daria Kolomyichenko.<br /><br />\"It's our history and we are very proud.\"<br /><br />The 2018 FIFA WORLD CUP in Russia is partly hosted in Volgograd, and residence are very keen to show the history of the city to interested fans. Here a man shows the rusty remains of a German Wehrmacht battle helmet from 1943. <br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=2018fifaworldcup\" title=\"#2018fifaworldcup\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#2018fifaworldcup</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=football\" title=\"#football\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#football</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Russia\" title=\"#Russia\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Russia</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=worldwar2\" title=\"#worldwar2\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#worldwar2</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=wehrmacht\" title=\"#wehrmacht\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#wehrmacht</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=nazisgermany\" title=\"#nazisgermany\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#nazisgermany</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=stalingrad\" title=\"#stalingrad\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#stalingrad</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=volgograd\" title=\"#volgograd\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#volgograd</a><br /><br />Part of the story and the image is from: <br /><a href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/06/20/volgograd-provides-proper-perspective-at-world-cup.html\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/06/20/volgograd-provides-proper-perspective-at-world-cup.html</a>",
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"published": "2018-06-21T15:26:18+00:00",
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"content": "The BATTLE OF STALINGRAD and the 2018 FIFA FOOTBALL WORLD CUP in Russia: \n\nNearly 60 years since it changed its name to Volgograd, the Russian city once called Stalingrad and its bloody history loom large even in the midst of the fun and football of the World Cup.\n\nThe city was basically reduced to rubble in the Battle of Stalingrad, which claimed the life of nearly 2 million German and Soviet soldiers in 1942-43. The modern day residents of Volgograd will forever remember the sacrifices of their ancestors.\n\n\"It's sacred for us because in every family in the Volgograd region, there are people who died in the battle and we mustn't forget about it and every year we do patriotic action and do some lessons for children so they know all about it,\" said 21-year-old Daria Kolomyichenko.\n\n\"It's our history and we are very proud.\"\n\nThe 2018 FIFA WORLD CUP in Russia is partly hosted in Volgograd, and residence are very keen to show the history of the city to interested fans. Here a man shows the rusty remains of a German Wehrmacht battle helmet from 1943. \n\n#history #2018fifaworldcup #football #Russia #worldwar2 #wehrmacht #nazisgermany #stalingrad #volgograd\n\nPart of the story and the image is from: \nhttp://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/06/20/volgograd-provides-proper-perspective-at-world-cup.html",
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"content": "ICONIC HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS: <br /><br />Timothy O'Sullivan's \"Harvest of Death\" photograph features dead Union soldiers strewn about the Gettysburg battlefield, 1863<br /><br />Background Information:<br /><br />The following paragraph opens the text that Alexander Gardner wrote to accompany this photograph in Gardner’s Photographic Sketch Book of the War.<br /><br />\"Slowly, over the misty fields of Gettysburg—as all reluctant to expose their ghastly horrors to the<br />light—came the sunless morn, after the retreat by [General Robert E.] Lee’s broken army.<br />Through the shadowy vapors, it was, indeed, a “harvest of death” that was presented; hundreds<br />and thousands of torn Union and rebel soldiers—although many of the former were already<br />interred—strewed the now quiet fighting ground, soaked by the rain, which for two days had<br />drenched the country with its fitful showers.\" <br /><br />Timothy H. O’Sullivan began his photography career as an apprentice to the American<br />photographer Mathew Brady, but he left the Brady gallery to photograph American Civil War<br />battlefields on his own. In 1862 or 1863, he joined the studio of Alexander Gardner, who<br />included forty-four of O’Sullivan’s photographs in Gardner’s Photographic Sketch Book of the<br />War, the first published collection of Civil War photographs. <br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=UScivilwar\" title=\"#UScivilwar\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#UScivilwar</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Gettysburg\" title=\"#Gettysburg\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Gettysburg</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Lee\" title=\"#Lee\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Lee</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Grant\" title=\"#Grant\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Grant</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=NorthAndSouth\" title=\"#NorthAndSouth\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#NorthAndSouth</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=photography\" title=\"#photography\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#photography</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=politics\" title=\"#politics\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#politics</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=war\" title=\"#war\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#war</a><br /><br />This post has been compiled with the help of: <br /> <br /><a href=\"https://www.getty.edu/education/teachers/classroom_resources/curricula/historical_witness/downloads/osullivan_harvest.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.getty.edu/education/teachers/classroom_resources/curricula/historical_witness/downloads/osullivan_harvest.pdf</a><br /><br />www.allthatsinteresting.com/influential-photographs#14",
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"published": "2018-06-21T02:43:49+00:00",
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"content": "ICONIC HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS: \n\nTimothy O'Sullivan's \"Harvest of Death\" photograph features dead Union soldiers strewn about the Gettysburg battlefield, 1863\n\nBackground Information:\n\nThe following paragraph opens the text that Alexander Gardner wrote to accompany this photograph in Gardner’s Photographic Sketch Book of the War.\n\n\"Slowly, over the misty fields of Gettysburg—as all reluctant to expose their ghastly horrors to the\nlight—came the sunless morn, after the retreat by [General Robert E.] Lee’s broken army.\nThrough the shadowy vapors, it was, indeed, a “harvest of death” that was presented; hundreds\nand thousands of torn Union and rebel soldiers—although many of the former were already\ninterred—strewed the now quiet fighting ground, soaked by the rain, which for two days had\ndrenched the country with its fitful showers.\" \n\nTimothy H. O’Sullivan began his photography career as an apprentice to the American\nphotographer Mathew Brady, but he left the Brady gallery to photograph American Civil War\nbattlefields on his own. In 1862 or 1863, he joined the studio of Alexander Gardner, who\nincluded forty-four of O’Sullivan’s photographs in Gardner’s Photographic Sketch Book of the\nWar, the first published collection of Civil War photographs. \n\n#history #UScivilwar #Gettysburg #Lee #Grant #NorthAndSouth #photography #politics #war\n\nThis post has been compiled with the help of: \n \nhttps://www.getty.edu/education/teachers/classroom_resources/curricula/historical_witness/downloads/osullivan_harvest.pdf\n\nwww.allthatsinteresting.com/influential-photographs#14",
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"content": "THE FIRST REAL WORLD MAP? - PTOLEMY'S GEOGRAPHY (150AD)<br /><br />Humans have been sketching maps of various kinds since the inception of writing. But, Claudius Ptolemy was the first to use the advancements of mathematics and geometry to develop a manual for how to map the known world using a rectangle and intersecting lines. A similar methodology appeared again in 13th-century Byzantium and was used until the early 17th century. Ptolemy, an Alexandria-based Greek scholar, who may never have drawn a map himself, described the latitude and longitude of more than 8,000 locations in Europe, Asia, and Africa, projecting a north-oriented, Mediterranean-focused world that was missing the Americas, Australasia, southern Africa (you can see Africa skirting the bottom of the map and then blending into Asia), the Far East, the Pacific Ocean, and most of the Atlantic Ocean. <br /><br />Ptolemy's work (Geography) was lost forever, and probably originally came with maps, but none have been discovered. Instead, the present form of the map was reconstructed from Ptolemy's coordinates by Byzantine monks under the direction of Maximus Planudes shortly after 1295. <br /><br />WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? <br /><br />The real significance of Ptolemy's map is that it used longitudinal and latitudinal lines as well as specifying terrestrial locations by celestial observations for the first time, which later became the basis of new directions in map-making and geography. <br /><br />Some of the information have been taken from: <br /><a href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/12/12-maps-that-changed-the-world/282666/\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/12/12-maps-that-changed-the-world/282666/</a><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=politics\" title=\"#politics\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#politics</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=maps\" title=\"#maps\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#maps</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=visualhistory\" title=\"#visualhistory\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#visualhistory</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=ptolemy\" title=\"#ptolemy\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#ptolemy</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=geography\" title=\"#geography\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#geography</a>",
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"published": "2018-06-20T23:46:52+00:00",
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"content": "THE FIRST REAL WORLD MAP? - PTOLEMY'S GEOGRAPHY (150AD)\n\nHumans have been sketching maps of various kinds since the inception of writing. But, Claudius Ptolemy was the first to use the advancements of mathematics and geometry to develop a manual for how to map the known world using a rectangle and intersecting lines. A similar methodology appeared again in 13th-century Byzantium and was used until the early 17th century. Ptolemy, an Alexandria-based Greek scholar, who may never have drawn a map himself, described the latitude and longitude of more than 8,000 locations in Europe, Asia, and Africa, projecting a north-oriented, Mediterranean-focused world that was missing the Americas, Australasia, southern Africa (you can see Africa skirting the bottom of the map and then blending into Asia), the Far East, the Pacific Ocean, and most of the Atlantic Ocean. \n\nPtolemy's work (Geography) was lost forever, and probably originally came with maps, but none have been discovered. Instead, the present form of the map was reconstructed from Ptolemy's coordinates by Byzantine monks under the direction of Maximus Planudes shortly after 1295. \n\nWHY IS IT IMPORTANT? \n\nThe real significance of Ptolemy's map is that it used longitudinal and latitudinal lines as well as specifying terrestrial locations by celestial observations for the first time, which later became the basis of new directions in map-making and geography. \n\nSome of the information have been taken from: \nhttps://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/12/12-maps-that-changed-the-world/282666/\n#history #politics #maps #visualhistory #ptolemy #geography",
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"content": "USA, 1976, A BICENTENNIAL PORTRAIT of the USA:<br /><br />This map was made from 569 images taken by the Landsat satellite. This is the first color composite photograph of the contiguous United States. The map was published in the July 1976 issue of the National Geographic to celebrate the nation’s bicentennial. The map had an amazing reception from the American public, and since then has become a collectible item. Time to undust those old National Geographic issues? <br /><br />COURTESY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAPS<br /><a href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/05/map-of-the-day-cartography-vintage-archive-culture/\" target=\"_blank\">https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/05/map-of-the-day-cartography-vintage-archive-culture/</a><br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=politics\" title=\"#politics\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#politics</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=usa\" title=\"#usa\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#usa</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=maps\" title=\"#maps\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#maps</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=visualhistory\" title=\"#visualhistory\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#visualhistory</a> #1976 #1776 <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=americanrevolutionarywar\" title=\"#americanrevolutionarywar\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#americanrevolutionarywar</a>",
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"published": "2018-06-20T16:14:19+00:00",
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"content": "USA, 1976, A BICENTENNIAL PORTRAIT of the USA:\n\nThis map was made from 569 images taken by the Landsat satellite. This is the first color composite photograph of the contiguous United States. The map was published in the July 1976 issue of the National Geographic to celebrate the nation’s bicentennial. The map had an amazing reception from the American public, and since then has become a collectible item. Time to undust those old National Geographic issues? \n\nCOURTESY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAPS\nhttps://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/05/map-of-the-day-cartography-vintage-archive-culture/\n\n#history #politics #usa #maps #visualhistory #1976 #1776 #americanrevolutionarywar",
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"content": "DID CHURCHILL WANT TO MAKE PEACE WITH HITLER? - historical memory about Britain and World War II<br /><br />As historian David Reynolds have claimed: \" The summer of 1940 has gone down in patriotic folklore as Britain’s finest hour. After France had collapsed, the British people fought on alone but united, aroused by the miracle of Dunkirk, protected by the heroic Royal Air Force, inspired above all by Churchill’s bulldog spirit—‘victory at all costs’, ‘blood, toil, tears and sweat’, ‘we shall fight on the beaches . . . we shall never surrender’. (Reynolds, 2006, 75)<br /><br />Reynolds has pointed out that this is what have survived of the milieu of that dramatic summer in 1940, when France just had been defeated, and Europe faced unchallenged Nazi rule. In the summer of 1940, before the Battle of Britain, Hitler offered peace terms to Britain. Since than, historians have debated the reasons why Britain had refused this, and why it remained in the war. Public memory usually labeled Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax (considered to be an appeaser, and also the Foreign Secretary of Prime Minister Chamberlain back in 1938, at the time of the infamous Munich Conference) the one to have advocated making peace with the Nazis to avoid defeat and invasion of Britain. (Reynolds, 2006, 78)<br /><br />However, it important to clarify what he actually wanted, and what was the difference between what he and Churchill advocated. Halifax was not advocating immediate surrender to the Nazis. Instead, he wanted to use the Italians to ascertain Hitler’s likely peace terms. Halifax stressed that he would fight to the end if Britain’s integrity and independence<br />were threatened—if, for example, Hitler demanded the destruction or the handover of the Royal Navy or the Royal Air Force. However, Halifax believed that if terms could be secured to guarantee British independence and Britain's ability to defend itself, —even if they involved surrendering some colonies—then it was senseless, in his opinion, to permit further destruction and the continuation of the war.<br /><br />If we examine Churchill's response to this during the course of one of the heated War Cabinet debates it could be easily realised that his viewpoint was not much different from Halifax's. Churchill’s response was that no satisfactory peace could possibly be achieved until Britain proved to Hitler that it could not be invaded or beaten. Only then would a basis of parity with Germany have been reached from which negotiation might be possible.<br /><br />It is apparent that the only difference between Churchill's and Halifax's viewpoint was whether German inquiries about a potential peace should be listened to at this point (June 1940). Even to inquire about German terms at this stage, Churchill insisted, would be a sign of weakness which would undermine Britain’s fighting position at home and abroad. (Reynolds 2006, 78)<br /><br />At the end of the war, Churchill, in his 6 volume memoirs made it sure that it was this later viewpoint that prevailed in historical memory. Is not it still valid that history is written by the victors?<br /><br />all images are from 'Winston S. Churchill' wikipedia page.<br />Quotations are from:<br />David Reynold, From World War to Cold War (Oxford Uni Press, 2006)<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=politics\" title=\"#politics\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#politics</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=worldwar2\" title=\"#worldwar2\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#worldwar2</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=britain\" title=\"#britain\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#britain</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=churchill\" title=\"#churchill\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#churchill</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=hitler\" title=\"#hitler\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#hitler</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=nazigermany\" title=\"#nazigermany\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#nazigermany</a> #1940",
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"content": "DID CHURCHILL WANT TO MAKE PEACE WITH HITLER? - historical memory about Britain and World War II\n\nAs historian David Reynolds have claimed: \" The summer of 1940 has gone down in patriotic folklore as Britain’s finest hour. After France had collapsed, the British people fought on alone but united, aroused by the miracle of Dunkirk, protected by the heroic Royal Air Force, inspired above all by Churchill’s bulldog spirit—‘victory at all costs’, ‘blood, toil, tears and sweat’, ‘we shall fight on the beaches . . . we shall never surrender’. (Reynolds, 2006, 75)\n\nReynolds has pointed out that this is what have survived of the milieu of that dramatic summer in 1940, when France just had been defeated, and Europe faced unchallenged Nazi rule. In the summer of 1940, before the Battle of Britain, Hitler offered peace terms to Britain. Since than, historians have debated the reasons why Britain had refused this, and why it remained in the war. Public memory usually labeled Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax (considered to be an appeaser, and also the Foreign Secretary of Prime Minister Chamberlain back in 1938, at the time of the infamous Munich Conference) the one to have advocated making peace with the Nazis to avoid defeat and invasion of Britain. (Reynolds, 2006, 78)\n\nHowever, it important to clarify what he actually wanted, and what was the difference between what he and Churchill advocated. Halifax was not advocating immediate surrender to the Nazis. Instead, he wanted to use the Italians to ascertain Hitler’s likely peace terms. Halifax stressed that he would fight to the end if Britain’s integrity and independence\nwere threatened—if, for example, Hitler demanded the destruction or the handover of the Royal Navy or the Royal Air Force. However, Halifax believed that if terms could be secured to guarantee British independence and Britain's ability to defend itself, —even if they involved surrendering some colonies—then it was senseless, in his opinion, to permit further destruction and the continuation of the war.\n\nIf we examine Churchill's response to this during the course of one of the heated War Cabinet debates it could be easily realised that his viewpoint was not much different from Halifax's. Churchill’s response was that no satisfactory peace could possibly be achieved until Britain proved to Hitler that it could not be invaded or beaten. Only then would a basis of parity with Germany have been reached from which negotiation might be possible.\n\nIt is apparent that the only difference between Churchill's and Halifax's viewpoint was whether German inquiries about a potential peace should be listened to at this point (June 1940). Even to inquire about German terms at this stage, Churchill insisted, would be a sign of weakness which would undermine Britain’s fighting position at home and abroad. (Reynolds 2006, 78)\n\nAt the end of the war, Churchill, in his 6 volume memoirs made it sure that it was this later viewpoint that prevailed in historical memory. Is not it still valid that history is written by the victors?\n\nall images are from 'Winston S. Churchill' wikipedia page.\nQuotations are from:\nDavid Reynold, From World War to Cold War (Oxford Uni Press, 2006)\n\n#history #politics #worldwar2 #britain #churchill #hitler #nazigermany #1940",
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"content": "WHEN STALIN and CHURCHILL DIVIDED EUROPE: the \"percentage agreement\" October, 1944<br /><br />On October 9, 1944, just after “dusk crept over the sky from the […] horizon”1 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin set down in one of the dark rooms of the Kremlin in Moscow, in order to discuss the future of Eastern-Europe. At this point in World War II, the Soviet Red Army had already liberated most of the motherland from German invaders, and occupied most of Romania and Bulgaria, as well as it was standing on the Eastern frontiers of Poland, Hungary and Slovakia with no intention to halt its Westward advance. One of the most memorable events of this otherwise 6 day long British-Soviet summits is the so-called “Percentage Agreement”, which both in the historiography and public memory is remembered as a document that divided Eastern European into Western and Soviet spheres of influence.<br /><br />In this document, Churchill proposed an agreement to Stalin, one that would provision Western predominance in one sphere, and Soviet predominance in another sphere in the region. According to Churchill's account of the incident, he suggested that the Soviet Union should have 90% influence in Romania and 75% in Bulgaria (while the West would control 10% and 25% respectively); the United Kingdom should have 90% in Greece (a strategically crucial country for British imperial communications in the Mediterranean Sea); and the West and the Soviet Union should have shared 50-50% dominance both in Hungary and Yugoslavia. Churchill wrote this proposal on a piece of paper which he pushed across to Stalin, who ticked it off and passed it back. (Later, the percentages of Soviet influence in Bulgaria and Hungary were amended to 80%).<br /><br />For a long period of time, the agreement was kept secret, and was only made officially public by Churchill twelve years later in 1956 in the final volume of his memoir. Since then, historians have written extensively about this infamous document, but interpretations were not able to fully disconnect from the ways Churchill presented it to the public. Although the document in itself suggests a crude, cynical and calculated great power attitude towards the fate of the region, until now, based on Churchill’s memoirs, the “Percentage Agreement” has been preserved in historical memory as Britain’s last ditch attempt to save Eastern Europe from Communism by attempting to secure some influence for the Western powers there.<br /><br />Most historians consider the agreement to be deeply significant. In The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Norman Naimark writes that together with the Yalta and Potsdam agreements, “the notorious percentages agreement between Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill […] confirmed that Eastern Europe, initially at least, would lie within the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union.”2 Similarly, in his acclaimed biography of Churchill, Roy Jenkins writes that the agreement “proposed Realpolitik spheres of influence in the Balkans”.3 Historian David Carlton has also notes that “a clear if informal deal had been done on the point that mattered most to Churchill: he had Stalin’s consent to handle Greece as he saw fit.” Churchill’s Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden wrote that months before the meeting, he and Churchill had discussed the issue and “we felt entitled to ask for Soviet support for our policy [with regard to Greece] in return for the support we were giving to Soviet policy with regard to Romania.”4<br /><br />However, I tend to agree with historians, such as Gabriel Kolko and Geoffrey Roberts, who believed that the importance of the agreement was largely overrated.5 Crucially, new evidence, emerging from British archives suggest that until now we have completely misinterpreted the “Percentage Agreement” for which Churchill himself can be held responsible. British Cabinet documents covering Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden’s discussions with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov clearly explain that the agreement was nothing more than Churchill’s and Stalin’s agreement on the number of delegates to be sent to the Allied Control Commissions after the war to the aforementioned countries.<br /><br />In his memoirs, Churchill went out of his way to explain that the agreement did not serve this purpose, but to save Eastern Europe from Soviet dominance, however, these new pieces of evidence clearly suggest that this was not the case and the document served less noble purposes. Significantly, these new archival documents put a dent in the myth that surrounded this piece of paper (and Churchill's alleged positive role in its creation), and confirm the absurdity of the notion that Churchill ever contemplated saving Eastern Europe from the Soviets in late 1944. While the document can be interpreted as a sphere of influence proposal for vital British interests, such as Greece, it certainly had very little to do with claiming any real post-war influence for the West in Eastern Europe. As Europe witnessed later, the British attempted to exert little influence in these Allied Control Commissions in Eastern European counties.<br /><br /><br />1, from John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath.<br /><br />2, Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Vol. 1: Origins (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 175<br /><br />3, Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (Macmillan, 2001), p. 759<br /><br />4, David Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union (Manchester University Press, 2000) p. 114-116<br /><br />5, Roberts, Geoffrey, Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, (2006), p. 218.<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=politics\" title=\"#politics\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#politics</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=worldwar2\" title=\"#worldwar2\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#worldwar2</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=britain\" title=\"#britain\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#britain</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=russia\" title=\"#russia\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#russia</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=sovietunion\" title=\"#sovietunion\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#sovietunion</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=communism\" title=\"#communism\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#communism</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=churchill\" title=\"#churchill\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#churchill</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=stalin\" title=\"#stalin\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#stalin</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=easterneurope\" title=\"#easterneurope\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#easterneurope</a>",
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"content": "WHEN STALIN and CHURCHILL DIVIDED EUROPE: the \"percentage agreement\" October, 1944\n\nOn October 9, 1944, just after “dusk crept over the sky from the […] horizon”1 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin set down in one of the dark rooms of the Kremlin in Moscow, in order to discuss the future of Eastern-Europe. At this point in World War II, the Soviet Red Army had already liberated most of the motherland from German invaders, and occupied most of Romania and Bulgaria, as well as it was standing on the Eastern frontiers of Poland, Hungary and Slovakia with no intention to halt its Westward advance. One of the most memorable events of this otherwise 6 day long British-Soviet summits is the so-called “Percentage Agreement”, which both in the historiography and public memory is remembered as a document that divided Eastern European into Western and Soviet spheres of influence.\n\nIn this document, Churchill proposed an agreement to Stalin, one that would provision Western predominance in one sphere, and Soviet predominance in another sphere in the region. According to Churchill's account of the incident, he suggested that the Soviet Union should have 90% influence in Romania and 75% in Bulgaria (while the West would control 10% and 25% respectively); the United Kingdom should have 90% in Greece (a strategically crucial country for British imperial communications in the Mediterranean Sea); and the West and the Soviet Union should have shared 50-50% dominance both in Hungary and Yugoslavia. Churchill wrote this proposal on a piece of paper which he pushed across to Stalin, who ticked it off and passed it back. (Later, the percentages of Soviet influence in Bulgaria and Hungary were amended to 80%).\n\nFor a long period of time, the agreement was kept secret, and was only made officially public by Churchill twelve years later in 1956 in the final volume of his memoir. Since then, historians have written extensively about this infamous document, but interpretations were not able to fully disconnect from the ways Churchill presented it to the public. Although the document in itself suggests a crude, cynical and calculated great power attitude towards the fate of the region, until now, based on Churchill’s memoirs, the “Percentage Agreement” has been preserved in historical memory as Britain’s last ditch attempt to save Eastern Europe from Communism by attempting to secure some influence for the Western powers there.\n\nMost historians consider the agreement to be deeply significant. In The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Norman Naimark writes that together with the Yalta and Potsdam agreements, “the notorious percentages agreement between Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill […] confirmed that Eastern Europe, initially at least, would lie within the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union.”2 Similarly, in his acclaimed biography of Churchill, Roy Jenkins writes that the agreement “proposed Realpolitik spheres of influence in the Balkans”.3 Historian David Carlton has also notes that “a clear if informal deal had been done on the point that mattered most to Churchill: he had Stalin’s consent to handle Greece as he saw fit.” Churchill’s Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden wrote that months before the meeting, he and Churchill had discussed the issue and “we felt entitled to ask for Soviet support for our policy [with regard to Greece] in return for the support we were giving to Soviet policy with regard to Romania.”4\n\nHowever, I tend to agree with historians, such as Gabriel Kolko and Geoffrey Roberts, who believed that the importance of the agreement was largely overrated.5 Crucially, new evidence, emerging from British archives suggest that until now we have completely misinterpreted the “Percentage Agreement” for which Churchill himself can be held responsible. British Cabinet documents covering Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden’s discussions with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov clearly explain that the agreement was nothing more than Churchill’s and Stalin’s agreement on the number of delegates to be sent to the Allied Control Commissions after the war to the aforementioned countries.\n\nIn his memoirs, Churchill went out of his way to explain that the agreement did not serve this purpose, but to save Eastern Europe from Soviet dominance, however, these new pieces of evidence clearly suggest that this was not the case and the document served less noble purposes. Significantly, these new archival documents put a dent in the myth that surrounded this piece of paper (and Churchill's alleged positive role in its creation), and confirm the absurdity of the notion that Churchill ever contemplated saving Eastern Europe from the Soviets in late 1944. While the document can be interpreted as a sphere of influence proposal for vital British interests, such as Greece, it certainly had very little to do with claiming any real post-war influence for the West in Eastern Europe. As Europe witnessed later, the British attempted to exert little influence in these Allied Control Commissions in Eastern European counties.\n\n\n1, from John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath.\n\n2, Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Vol. 1: Origins (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 175\n\n3, Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (Macmillan, 2001), p. 759\n\n4, David Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union (Manchester University Press, 2000) p. 114-116\n\n5, Roberts, Geoffrey, Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, (2006), p. 218.\n\n#history #politics #worldwar2 #britain #russia #sovietunion #communism #churchill #stalin #easterneurope",
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