A small tool to view real-world ActivityPub objects as JSON! Enter a URL
or username from Mastodon or a similar service below, and we'll send a
request with
the right
Accept
header
to the server to view the underlying object.
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"content": "<a href=\"https://np.reddit.com/r/milliondollarextreme/comments/723qxb/to_everyone_complaining_about_sam_hyde_charging/\" target=\"_blank\">https://np.reddit.com/r/milliondollarextreme/comments/723qxb/to_everyone_complaining_about_sam_hyde_charging/</a><br /><br />sam hyde is trying to incentivize people to support him, here are my thoughts on it.",
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"content": "https://np.reddit.com/r/milliondollarextreme/comments/723qxb/to_everyone_complaining_about_sam_hyde_charging/\n\nsam hyde is trying to incentivize people to support him, here are my thoughts on it.",
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"content": "<a href=\"https://youtu.be/vBSIDQt5Dwc\" target=\"_blank\">https://youtu.be/vBSIDQt5Dwc</a><br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=conspiracy\" title=\"#conspiracy\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#conspiracy</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=child\" title=\"#child\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#child</a> sex ring <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=kakistacracy\" title=\"#kakistacracy\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#kakistacracy</a>",
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"content": "https://youtu.be/vBSIDQt5Dwc\n\n#conspiracy #child sex ring #kakistacracy",
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"content": " <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ricFXm2X5QA\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ricFXm2X5QA</a><br />",
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"content": "<a href=\"https://www.minds.com/blog/view/631417988288884741\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.minds.com/blog/view/631417988288884741</a>",
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"type": "Create",
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"content": "I mean Haiti is definitely prone to environmental disaster based on racism as an off shoot of the class system of old world imperialism. but most people don't go into detail about it, so i shall because the Haitian revolution and slavery is somewhat of a special interest of mine.<br /><br />Ourstory, a light on the past, that shines on the road to the future.<br /><br />From 1791-1804 the Haitian revolution took place. It was the first successful slave revolt in human history. Haiti became an emancipated nation at the cost of a lot of bloodshed, including the life of the leader of the revolution, Toussaint L’ouverture who died cold in a French mountain prison being interrogated for the whereabouts of his warchest which probably didn't exist as he probably put all his finances back into the country like he claimed. <br />the Haitian revolution started as voodoo practitioners meeting in secret and deciding that at given time they would rise up and kill their colonial oppressors. <br /><br />According to some contemporary accounts, on or about 14 August 1791 Dutty Boukman presided over a ceremony at the Bois Caïman in the role of houngan (priest) together with priestess Cécile Fatiman. Boukman prophesied that the slaves Jean François, Biassou, and Jeannot would be leaders of a resistance movement and revolt that would free the slaves of Saint-Domingue. An animal was sacrificed, an oath was taken, and Boukman and the priestess exhorted the listeners to take revenge against their French oppressors and \"cast aside the image of the God of the oppressors.\"<br />According to the Encyclopedia of African Religion, \"Blood from the animal was given in a drink to the attendees to seal their fates in loyalty to the cause of liberation of Saint-Domingue.\" A week later, 1800 plantations had been destroyed and 1000 slaveholders killed. Boukman was not the first to attempt a slave uprising in Saint-Domingue, as he was preceded by others, such as Padrejean in 1676, and François Mackandal in 1757. However, his large size, warrior-like appearance, and fearsome temper made him an effective leader and helped spark the Haitian Revolution.<br /><br />It has usually been assumed that Jean-François and his men rose up in rebellion to conquer universal freedom, but their real intention was to conquer as much power as possible and return the rest of the slaves to plantation when the revolution was over, and the generals had already achieved power. Jean-François confessed his convictions to the North American agents in Le Cap François: “[...] that General told us that he had not created himself General of the negroes, that those who had that power had confered upon him that title; that in taking up arms, he never pretended to fight for General Liberty, which he knew to be an illusion”.<br /><br />At the time. and Toussaint decided to warn several slave owners and other members of the aristocracy that he was somewhat a member of. He was able to be a part of the aristocracy because race was a complicated issue in Haiti at the time. the ruling class has interbred with the subjugated class so much so that it wasn’t as simple as whites enslaving blacks any more. there was 110 different words for a mixture of white and black skin, accounting for “how ever many drops of black blood” some one had. you would often have black people owning other black people as slaves in this environment, of which at the time toussaint was a slave owner. at thirty, as a gift, he was offered his freedom by his own owner and soon after left to run his own plantation. he was taught how to read and right by the clergy near by.<br />it was the free black people that had given the idea of expansion of their rights to the vodou practicitioners and slaves as they were inspired by the french revolution to attempt such a thing. but it was the vodou who were bloody enough to really begin the revolution.<br />the vodou practictioners in carrying out their coup, heard that Toussaint was educated, and forced on him the role of being a medic to their wounded. as the leader at the time was not as an effective leader, Toussaint slowly became more of an authoritative role in the coup, but tired to broker peace with the whites, to no immediate avail as the aristocracy felt them selves victimized from the bloody uprising that had many of them killed in their beds at night. eventually, the vodou revolters joined the spanish army and started to campaign against the french, as by then, france had decapitated its king, and the uprising saw fit to join a faction that still had a king as to upset the balance of power in Haiti (then Saint-Domingue) and as they already had somewhat of a informal alliance as spain benifeted from supporting an enemy of their french rival for domination of Saint Domingue.<br /><br />On 29 August 1793 he made his famous declaration of Camp Turel to the blacks of St Domingue:<br /><br />\"Brothers and friends, I am Toussaint Louverture; perhaps my name has made itself known to you. I have undertaken vengeance. I want Liberty and Equality to reign in St Domingue. I am working to make that happen. Unite yourselves to us, brothers and fight with us for the same cause.<br /><br />Your very humble and obedient servant, Toussaint Louverture,<br /><br />General of the armies of the king, for the public good.\"<br /><br />On the same day, the beleaguered French commissioner, Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, proclaimed emancipation for all slaves in French Saint-Domingue, hoping to bring the black troops over to his side. Initially, this failed, perhaps because Toussaint and the other leaders knew that Sonthonax was exceeding his authority. However, on 4 February 1794, the French revolutionary government proclaimed the abolition of slavery. For months, Louverture had been in diplomatic contact with the French general Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Lavaux. During this time, competition between him and other rebel leaders was growing, and the Spanish had started to look with disfavour on his near-autonomous control of a large and strategically important region. In May 1794, when the decision of the French government became known in Saint-Domingue, Louverture switched allegiance from the Spanish to the French and rallied his troops to Lavaux.<br /><br />Toussaint was able to rally enough troops and use effective tactics to put an end to the hostilities between the spanish and french countries and put an end to the spanish threat to the french. he also was able to contain the british to saint-marc and render them ineffective using guerilla warfare.<br /><br />Throughout 1795 and 1796, Louverture was concerned with re-establishing agriculture and keeping the peace in areas under his control. In speeches and policy he revealed his belief that the long-term freedom of the people of Saint-Domingue depended on the economic viability of the colony. He was held in general respect and resorted to a mixture of diplomacy and force to return the field hands to the plantations as emancipated and paid workers. Workers regularly created small rebellions, protesting poor conditions, their lack of real freedom or fearing a return to slavery or that their current servitude was already no differnet then slavery (many wishing to live off the country through a simple farm life.)<br /><br />Another of Louverture's concerns was to manage potential rivals for power within the French part of the colony. The most serious of these was the mulatto commander Jean-Louis Villatte, based in Cap-Français. Toussaint and Villate had competed over the command of some sections of troops and territory since 1794. Villatte was thought to be somewhat racist towards black soldiers such as Toussaint and planned to ally with André Rigaud, a free man of colour, after overthrowing French General Étienne Lavaux. In 1796 Villate drummed up popular support by accusing the French authorities of plotting a return to slavery. On 20 March, he succeeded in capturing the French Governor Lavaux, and appointed himself Governor. Louverture's troops soon arrived at Cap-Français to rescue the captured governor and drive Villatte out of town. Toussaint was noted for opening the warehouses to the public, proving that they were empty of the chains supposedly imported to prepare for a return to slavery. He was promoted to commander of the West Province two months later, and was eventually made Saint-Domingue's top-ranking officer in 1797. Lavaux also proclaimed Toussaint Lieutenant Governor, announcing at the same time that he would do nothing without his approval, to which Louverture replied \"After God, Lavaux\".<br /><br />A few weeks after the triumph over the Villate insurrection, France's representatives of the third commission arrived on Saint-Domingue. Among them was Sonthonax, the commissioner who had previously declared abolition on the same day as Louverture's proclamation of Camp Turel. At first the relationship between the two was positive. Sonthonax promoted Toussaint to general and arranged for his sons, Placide and Isaac, to attend the school that had been established in France for the children of colonials.<br /><br />In September 1796, elections were held to choose colonial representatives for the French national assembly. Toussaint's letters show that he encouraged Lavaux to stand, and historians have speculated as to whether he was seeking to place a firm supporter in France or to remove a rival in power. Sonthonax was also elected, either at Toussaint's instigation or on his own initiative, but while Lavaux left Saint-Domingue in October, Sonthonax remained.<br />Sonthonax, a fervent revolutionary and fierce supporter of racial equality, soon rivalled Louverture in popularity. Although their goals were similar, there were several points of conflict. The worst of these was over the return of the white planters who had fled Saint-Domingue at the start of the revolution. To Sonthonax, they were potential counter-revolutionaries, to be assimilated, officially or not, with the ‘émigrés’ who had fled the French Revolution and were forbidden to return under pain of death. To Toussaint, they were bearers of useful skills and knowledge, and he wanted them back.<br /><br />In summer 1797, Toussaint authorised the return of Bayon de Libertat, the ex-overseer of Breda, with whom he had a lifelong relationship. Sonthonax wrote to Louverture threatening him with prosecution and ordering him to get Bayon off the territory. Toussaint went over his head and wrote to the French Directoire directly for permission for Bayon to stay. Only a few weeks later, he began arranging for Sonthonax's return to France that summer. Toussaint had several reasons to want to get rid of Sonthonax; officially he said that Sonthonax had tried to involve him in a plot to make Saint-Domingue independent, starting with a massacre of the whites of the island. The accusation played on Sonthonax's political radicalism and known hatred of the aristocratic white planters, but historians have varied as to how credible they consider it.<br /><br />On reaching France, Sonthonax countered by accusing Toussaint of royalist, counter-revolutionary and pro-independence tendencies. Toussaint knew that he had asserted his authority to such an extent that the French government might well suspect him of seeking independence. At the same time, the French Directoire government was considerably less revolutionary than it had been. Suspicions began to brew that it might reconsider the abolition of slavery. In November 1797, Toussaint wrote again to the Directoire, assuring them of his loyalty but reminding them firmly that abolition must be maintained.<br /><br />For several months, Toussaint found himself in sole command of French Saint-Domingue, except for a semi-autonomous state in the south, where the mulatto general, André Rigaud, had rejected the authority of the third commission. Both generals continued attacking the British, whose position on Saint-Domingue was looking increasingly weak. Toussaint was negotiating their withdrawal when France's latest commissioner, Gabriel Hédouville, arrived in March 1798, with orders to undermine his authority.<br /><br />On 30 April 1798, Toussaint signed a treaty with the British general, Thomas Maitland, exchanging the withdrawal of British troops from western Saint-Domingue for an amnesty for the French counter-revolutionaries in those areas. In May, Port-au-Prince was returned to French rule in an atmosphere of order and celebration.<br />In July, Louverture and Rigaud met commissioner Hédouville together. Hoping to create a rivalry that would diminish Toussaint's power, Hédouville displayed a strong preference for Rigaud, and an aversion for Toussaint. However, General Maitland was also playing on French rivalries and evaded Hédouville's authority to deal with Toussaint directly. In August, Toussaint and Maitland signed treaties for the evacuation of the remaining British troops. On 31 August, they signed a secret treaty which lifted the British blockade on Saint-Domingue in exchange for a promise that Toussaint would not export the black revolution to Jamaica.<br /><br />As Toussaint's relationship with Hédouville reached the breaking point, an uprising began among the troops of Toussaint's adopted nephew, Hyacinthe Moïse. Attempts by Hédouville to manage the situation made matters worse and Toussaint declined to help him. As the rebellion grew to a full-scale insurrection, Hedouville prepared to leave the island, while Toussaint and Dessalines threatened to arrest him as a troublemaker. Hédouville sailed for France in October 1798, nominally transferring his authority to Rigaud. Toussaint decided instead to work with Phillipe Roume, a member of the third commission who had been posted to the Spanish parts of the colony. Though he continued to protest his loyalty to the French government, he had expelled a second government representative from the territory and was about to negotiate another autonomous agreement with one of France's enemies.<br /><br />The United States had suspended trade with France in 1798 because of increasing conflict over piracy. The two countries were almost at war, but trade between Saint-Domingue and the United States was desirable to both Toussaint and the United States. With Hédouville gone, Louverture sent Joseph Bunel to negotiate with the government of John Adams. The terms of the treaty were similar to those already established with the British, but Toussaint continually resisted suggestions from either power that he should declare independence. As long as France maintained the abolition of slavery, it seems that he was content that the colony remain French, at least in name.<br /><br />In 1799, the tensions between Toussaint and André Rigaud came to a head. Louverture accused Rigaud of trying to assassinate him to gain power over Saint-Domingue for himself. Rigaud claimed Toussaint was conspiring with the British to restore slavery. The conflict was complicated by racial overtones which escalated tension between blacks and mulattoes. Toussaint had other political reasons for bringing down Rigaud. Only by controlling every port could he hope to prevent a landing of French troops if necessary.<br />Louverture persuaded Roume to declare Rigaud a traitor in July 1799 and attacked the southern state. The civil war lasted over a year, with the defeated Rigaud fleeing to Guadeloupe, then France, in August 1800. Toussaint delegated most of the campaign to his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who became infamous, during and after the war, for massacring mulatto captives and civilians. The number of deaths is contested: James claims a few hundred deaths in contravention of the amnesty. The contemporary French general, Pamphile de Lacroix, suggested 10,000.<br /><br />In November 1799, during the civil war, Napoleon Bonaparte gained power in France and passed a new constitution declaring that the colonies would be subject to special laws. Although the colonies suspected this meant the re-introduction of slavery, Napoleon began by confirming Toussaint's position and promising to maintain the abolition. But he also forbade Toussaint to invade Spanish Santo Domingo, an action that would put Toussaint in a powerful defensive position. Toussaint was determined to proceed anyway and coerced Roume into supplying the necessary permission. In January 1801, Toussaint and Hyacinthe Moïse invaded the Spanish territory, taking possession from the Governor, Don Garcia, with few difficulties. The area had been wilder and less densely populated than the French section. Toussaint brought it under French law which abolished slavery, and embarked on a program of modernization. He was now master of the whole island.<br /><br />Napoleon had made it clear to the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue that France would draw up a new constitution for its colonies, in which they would be subjected to special laws.Despite his initial protestations to the contrary, it seemed likely all along that he might restore slavery, which obviously worried the former slaves in Saint-Domingue. In March 1801, Louverture appointed a constitutional assembly, mainly composed of white planters, to draft a constitution for Saint-Domingue. He promulgated the Constitution on July 7, 1801, officially establishing his authority over the entire island of Hispaniola. It made him Governor-General for Life with near absolute powers and the possibility of choosing his successor. However, Toussaint was careful enough as to not explicitly declare Saint-Domingue's independence, immediately acknowledging that it was just a single colony of the French Empire in Article 1 of the Constitution. Article 3 of the constitution states: \"There cannot exist slaves [in Saint-Domingue], servitude is therein forever abolished. All men are born, live and die free and French.\" The constitution guaranteed equal opportunity and equal treatment under the law for all races, but also confirmed Toussaint's policies of forced labour and the importation of workers through the slave trade. Toussaint was not willing to compromise the dominant Vodou faith for Catholicism. Article 6 clearly states that \"the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman faith shall be the only publicly professed faith.\" Which is different from say directly outlawing other faiths being practiced.<br /><br />Toussaint charged Colonel Vincent with the task of presenting the new constitution to Napoleon, even though Vincent himself was horrified to discover that the general had gone so far. Several aspects of the constitution were damaging to France: the absence of provision for French government officials, the lack of advantages to France in trade with its own colony, and Toussaint's breach of protocol in publishing the constitution before submitting it to the French government. Despite his disapproval, Vincent attempted to submit the constitution to Napoleon in a positive light, but was briefly exiled to Elba for his pains.<br />Toussaint professed himself a Frenchman and strove to convince Bonaparte of his loyalty. He wrote to Napoleon but received no reply. Napoleon eventually decided to send an expedition of 20,000 men to Saint-Domingue to restore French authority, and possibly to restore slavery as well<br /><br />Napoleon's troops, under the command of his brother-in-law, General Charles Emmanuel Leclerc, were to seize control of the island by diplomatic means, proclaiming peaceful intentions, and keeping secret his orders to deport all black officers. Meanwhile, Toussaint was preparing for defence and ensuring discipline. This may have contributed to a rebellion against forced labor led by his nephew and top general, Moïse, in October 1801. It was violently repressed with the result that when the French ships arrived not all of Saint-Domingue was automatically on Toussaint's side. In late January 1802, while Leclerc sought permission to land at Cap-Français and Christophe held him off, the Vicomte de Rochambeau suddenly attacked Fort-Liberté, effectively quashing the diplomatic option.<br />Toussaint's plan in case of war was to burn the coastal cities and as much of the plains as possible, retreat with his troops into the inaccessible mountains and wait for fever to decimate the European troops. The biggest impediment to this plan proved to be difficulty in internal communications. Christophe burned Cap-Français and retreated, but Paul Louverture was tricked by a false letter into allowing the French to occupy Santo Domingo; other officers believed Napoleon's diplomatic proclamation, while some attempted resistance instead of burning and retreating. French reports to Napoleon show that in the months of fighting that followed, the French felt their position was weak, but that Toussaint and his generals were not fully conscious of their strength.<br /><br />With both sides shocked by the violence of the initial fighting, Leclerc tried belatedly to revert to the diplomatic solution. Toussaint's sons and their tutor had accompanied the expedition with this end in mind and were now sent to present Napoleon's proclamation to Toussaint. When these talks broke down, months of inconclusive fighting followed. On 6 May 1802, Louverture rode into Cap-Français to treat with Leclerc. He negotiated an amnesty for all his remaining generals, then retired with full honors to his plantations at Ennery.<br /><br />Jean-Jacques Dessalines was at least partially responsible for Louverture's arrest, as asserted by several authors, including Louverture's own son Isaac. <br /><br />it is claimed that Dessaline concidered Louverture to be too leniant to counter revolutionaries. Dessaline was a very brutal military tactician, that was known for his take no prisoners attitude, and his black and white thinking, which was at odds with Toussaints endevors to try and reduce as much violene and blood shed as possible.<br /><br />On 22 May 1802, after Dessalines \"learned that Louverture had failed to instruct a local rebel leader to lay down his arms per the recent ceasefire agreement, he immediately wrote Leclerc to denounce Louverture’s conduct as “extraordinary.” For this action, Dessalines and his spouse received gifts from Jean Baptiste Brunet.<br />Leclerc originally asked Dessalines to arrest Louverture, but he declined. The task then fell to Jean Baptiste Brunet. However accounts differ as to how he accomplished this. One account has it that Brunet pretended that he planned to settle in Saint-Domingue and was asking Toussaint's advice about plantation management. Louverture's memoirs however suggest that Brunet's troops had been provocative, leading Louverture to seek a discussion with him. Either way, Louverture had a letter in which Brunet described himself as a \"sincere friend\" to take with him to France. Embarrassed about his trickery, Brunet absented himself during the arrest. He deported them to France on the frigate Créole and the 74-gun Héros, claiming that he suspected the former leader of plotting an uprising. Boarding Créole, Toussaint Louverture famously warned his captors that the rebels would not repeat his mistake:<br /><br />In overthrowing me you have cut down in Saint Domingue only the trunk of the tree of liberty; it will spring up again from the roots, for they are numerous and they are deep.<br />They reached France on 2 July 1802 and, on 25 August, Toussaint Louverture was sent to the jail in Fort-de-Joux in the Doubs. While in prison, he died on the seventh of April, 1803. Suggested causes of death include exhaustion, malnutrition, apoplexy, pneumonia and possibly tuberculosis. In his absence, Napoleon planned to reinstate slavery in the france, beleiving Dessaline to be his guard dog or puppet of Saint Domingue, how ever Jean-Jacques Dessalines led the Haitian rebellion until its completion, finally defeating the French forces in 1803, and conducting a genocide of people of french descent.<br /><br />Following the revolution. all the western significant financial powers refused trade with Haiti and even declared open war on Haiti. the united states didn't even declare Haiti an independent country until Abraham Lincoln, fifty years later, and didn't aboilish slavery until sixty years later.<br /><br />Spain, Germany and Holland threatened to invade Haiti, France and the united states embargo'd Haiti. the united states wouldn't have been able to accomplish the Louisiana purchase if it wasn't for the amount of resources lost by Napoleon during his war effort against Haiti when he sent twenty thousand troops. but most of the leaders of the united states were slave owners. France threatened to re-enslave the people twenty years after the revolution, war ships circled the country year after year and was forced to pay a fee of reparations to ward off French invasion equal to 22 billion dollars in todays money (a penance for all the money France lost by losing its slave trade and colony of Saint Domingue). in order to pay the fee, Haiti had to shut down its public school system. when people talk about Haiti's illiteracy or underdevelopment, its because of this penance that Haiti was forced to pay. it took over a century for Haiti to pay off the debt.<br /><br />in 1915, during US occupation, the law of white men not being able to own land or walk as masters in Haiti was revoked. marines encircled parliament and arrested all its members to revoke this law. one of the first things it did was to change Haitians currency from a gold backed currency to a debt based currency. All of Haiti's gold was taken \"for safe keeping\" and stored in Fort Knox.<br /><br /> in 1990 Haiti were finally able to elect their first democratically elected president. a priest that grew up in the poorest parts of Haiti. the united states wanted Marc Bazin to win, and gave him funding. but Jean-Bertrand Aristide won easily. so the united states caused a coup to oust him, and he was deposed, later he ran again and won again, and was exiled for nine years. the Clinton administration created an economic blockade to assist this. the U.S. changed the laws that stated only Haitian nationals could own land in Haiti. rich foreign corporate interests have come in and gentrified and laid claim to the most profitable areas of Haiti, the Clinton Haitian earthquake relief was instrumental in this.<br /><br />\"Even if you see my self submit to French domination and authority one hundred times. Know that, one hundred times one hundred; I, shall betray them. I promise you, I will give you independence.\" \"He puts out his word, and his word is bond, and bond is life, and he shall give his life before his word shall fail.\"<br /><br />-Jean-Jacques Dessalines.<br /><br />\"look at what you did, it is not the armies victory, it is your victory. if you were not there for the army to hide, if you were not there for the army to be fed, if you were not there to bring weapons, then what would be realized? look at what you did\"<br /><br />-Jean-Jacques Dessaline<br /><br /> \"i never gave my kids Christmas presents, eventually they complained enough that i said 'i'm going to give you forty dollars, you can go to the store, and you can buy what ever you want, but if your smart, your gonna hold on to your money, and your going to wait until Christmas is over, and then see what you can buy from the store for forty dollars, i never had any more complaints about Christmas'\"<br /><br />-Bayinnah Bello",
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"content": "I mean Haiti is definitely prone to environmental disaster based on racism as an off shoot of the class system of old world imperialism. but most people don't go into detail about it, so i shall because the Haitian revolution and slavery is somewhat of a special interest of mine.\n\nOurstory, a light on the past, that shines on the road to the future.\n\nFrom 1791-1804 the Haitian revolution took place. It was the first successful slave revolt in human history. Haiti became an emancipated nation at the cost of a lot of bloodshed, including the life of the leader of the revolution, Toussaint L’ouverture who died cold in a French mountain prison being interrogated for the whereabouts of his warchest which probably didn't exist as he probably put all his finances back into the country like he claimed. \nthe Haitian revolution started as voodoo practitioners meeting in secret and deciding that at given time they would rise up and kill their colonial oppressors. \n\nAccording to some contemporary accounts, on or about 14 August 1791 Dutty Boukman presided over a ceremony at the Bois Caïman in the role of houngan (priest) together with priestess Cécile Fatiman. Boukman prophesied that the slaves Jean François, Biassou, and Jeannot would be leaders of a resistance movement and revolt that would free the slaves of Saint-Domingue. An animal was sacrificed, an oath was taken, and Boukman and the priestess exhorted the listeners to take revenge against their French oppressors and \"cast aside the image of the God of the oppressors.\"\nAccording to the Encyclopedia of African Religion, \"Blood from the animal was given in a drink to the attendees to seal their fates in loyalty to the cause of liberation of Saint-Domingue.\" A week later, 1800 plantations had been destroyed and 1000 slaveholders killed. Boukman was not the first to attempt a slave uprising in Saint-Domingue, as he was preceded by others, such as Padrejean in 1676, and François Mackandal in 1757. However, his large size, warrior-like appearance, and fearsome temper made him an effective leader and helped spark the Haitian Revolution.\n\nIt has usually been assumed that Jean-François and his men rose up in rebellion to conquer universal freedom, but their real intention was to conquer as much power as possible and return the rest of the slaves to plantation when the revolution was over, and the generals had already achieved power. Jean-François confessed his convictions to the North American agents in Le Cap François: “[...] that General told us that he had not created himself General of the negroes, that those who had that power had confered upon him that title; that in taking up arms, he never pretended to fight for General Liberty, which he knew to be an illusion”.\n\nAt the time. and Toussaint decided to warn several slave owners and other members of the aristocracy that he was somewhat a member of. He was able to be a part of the aristocracy because race was a complicated issue in Haiti at the time. the ruling class has interbred with the subjugated class so much so that it wasn’t as simple as whites enslaving blacks any more. there was 110 different words for a mixture of white and black skin, accounting for “how ever many drops of black blood” some one had. you would often have black people owning other black people as slaves in this environment, of which at the time toussaint was a slave owner. at thirty, as a gift, he was offered his freedom by his own owner and soon after left to run his own plantation. he was taught how to read and right by the clergy near by.\nit was the free black people that had given the idea of expansion of their rights to the vodou practicitioners and slaves as they were inspired by the french revolution to attempt such a thing. but it was the vodou who were bloody enough to really begin the revolution.\nthe vodou practictioners in carrying out their coup, heard that Toussaint was educated, and forced on him the role of being a medic to their wounded. as the leader at the time was not as an effective leader, Toussaint slowly became more of an authoritative role in the coup, but tired to broker peace with the whites, to no immediate avail as the aristocracy felt them selves victimized from the bloody uprising that had many of them killed in their beds at night. eventually, the vodou revolters joined the spanish army and started to campaign against the french, as by then, france had decapitated its king, and the uprising saw fit to join a faction that still had a king as to upset the balance of power in Haiti (then Saint-Domingue) and as they already had somewhat of a informal alliance as spain benifeted from supporting an enemy of their french rival for domination of Saint Domingue.\n\nOn 29 August 1793 he made his famous declaration of Camp Turel to the blacks of St Domingue:\n\n\"Brothers and friends, I am Toussaint Louverture; perhaps my name has made itself known to you. I have undertaken vengeance. I want Liberty and Equality to reign in St Domingue. I am working to make that happen. Unite yourselves to us, brothers and fight with us for the same cause.\n\nYour very humble and obedient servant, Toussaint Louverture,\n\nGeneral of the armies of the king, for the public good.\"\n\nOn the same day, the beleaguered French commissioner, Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, proclaimed emancipation for all slaves in French Saint-Domingue, hoping to bring the black troops over to his side. Initially, this failed, perhaps because Toussaint and the other leaders knew that Sonthonax was exceeding his authority. However, on 4 February 1794, the French revolutionary government proclaimed the abolition of slavery. For months, Louverture had been in diplomatic contact with the French general Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Lavaux. During this time, competition between him and other rebel leaders was growing, and the Spanish had started to look with disfavour on his near-autonomous control of a large and strategically important region. In May 1794, when the decision of the French government became known in Saint-Domingue, Louverture switched allegiance from the Spanish to the French and rallied his troops to Lavaux.\n\nToussaint was able to rally enough troops and use effective tactics to put an end to the hostilities between the spanish and french countries and put an end to the spanish threat to the french. he also was able to contain the british to saint-marc and render them ineffective using guerilla warfare.\n\nThroughout 1795 and 1796, Louverture was concerned with re-establishing agriculture and keeping the peace in areas under his control. In speeches and policy he revealed his belief that the long-term freedom of the people of Saint-Domingue depended on the economic viability of the colony. He was held in general respect and resorted to a mixture of diplomacy and force to return the field hands to the plantations as emancipated and paid workers. Workers regularly created small rebellions, protesting poor conditions, their lack of real freedom or fearing a return to slavery or that their current servitude was already no differnet then slavery (many wishing to live off the country through a simple farm life.)\n\nAnother of Louverture's concerns was to manage potential rivals for power within the French part of the colony. The most serious of these was the mulatto commander Jean-Louis Villatte, based in Cap-Français. Toussaint and Villate had competed over the command of some sections of troops and territory since 1794. Villatte was thought to be somewhat racist towards black soldiers such as Toussaint and planned to ally with André Rigaud, a free man of colour, after overthrowing French General Étienne Lavaux. In 1796 Villate drummed up popular support by accusing the French authorities of plotting a return to slavery. On 20 March, he succeeded in capturing the French Governor Lavaux, and appointed himself Governor. Louverture's troops soon arrived at Cap-Français to rescue the captured governor and drive Villatte out of town. Toussaint was noted for opening the warehouses to the public, proving that they were empty of the chains supposedly imported to prepare for a return to slavery. He was promoted to commander of the West Province two months later, and was eventually made Saint-Domingue's top-ranking officer in 1797. Lavaux also proclaimed Toussaint Lieutenant Governor, announcing at the same time that he would do nothing without his approval, to which Louverture replied \"After God, Lavaux\".\n\nA few weeks after the triumph over the Villate insurrection, France's representatives of the third commission arrived on Saint-Domingue. Among them was Sonthonax, the commissioner who had previously declared abolition on the same day as Louverture's proclamation of Camp Turel. At first the relationship between the two was positive. Sonthonax promoted Toussaint to general and arranged for his sons, Placide and Isaac, to attend the school that had been established in France for the children of colonials.\n\nIn September 1796, elections were held to choose colonial representatives for the French national assembly. Toussaint's letters show that he encouraged Lavaux to stand, and historians have speculated as to whether he was seeking to place a firm supporter in France or to remove a rival in power. Sonthonax was also elected, either at Toussaint's instigation or on his own initiative, but while Lavaux left Saint-Domingue in October, Sonthonax remained.\nSonthonax, a fervent revolutionary and fierce supporter of racial equality, soon rivalled Louverture in popularity. Although their goals were similar, there were several points of conflict. The worst of these was over the return of the white planters who had fled Saint-Domingue at the start of the revolution. To Sonthonax, they were potential counter-revolutionaries, to be assimilated, officially or not, with the ‘émigrés’ who had fled the French Revolution and were forbidden to return under pain of death. To Toussaint, they were bearers of useful skills and knowledge, and he wanted them back.\n\nIn summer 1797, Toussaint authorised the return of Bayon de Libertat, the ex-overseer of Breda, with whom he had a lifelong relationship. Sonthonax wrote to Louverture threatening him with prosecution and ordering him to get Bayon off the territory. Toussaint went over his head and wrote to the French Directoire directly for permission for Bayon to stay. Only a few weeks later, he began arranging for Sonthonax's return to France that summer. Toussaint had several reasons to want to get rid of Sonthonax; officially he said that Sonthonax had tried to involve him in a plot to make Saint-Domingue independent, starting with a massacre of the whites of the island. The accusation played on Sonthonax's political radicalism and known hatred of the aristocratic white planters, but historians have varied as to how credible they consider it.\n\nOn reaching France, Sonthonax countered by accusing Toussaint of royalist, counter-revolutionary and pro-independence tendencies. Toussaint knew that he had asserted his authority to such an extent that the French government might well suspect him of seeking independence. At the same time, the French Directoire government was considerably less revolutionary than it had been. Suspicions began to brew that it might reconsider the abolition of slavery. In November 1797, Toussaint wrote again to the Directoire, assuring them of his loyalty but reminding them firmly that abolition must be maintained.\n\nFor several months, Toussaint found himself in sole command of French Saint-Domingue, except for a semi-autonomous state in the south, where the mulatto general, André Rigaud, had rejected the authority of the third commission. Both generals continued attacking the British, whose position on Saint-Domingue was looking increasingly weak. Toussaint was negotiating their withdrawal when France's latest commissioner, Gabriel Hédouville, arrived in March 1798, with orders to undermine his authority.\n\nOn 30 April 1798, Toussaint signed a treaty with the British general, Thomas Maitland, exchanging the withdrawal of British troops from western Saint-Domingue for an amnesty for the French counter-revolutionaries in those areas. In May, Port-au-Prince was returned to French rule in an atmosphere of order and celebration.\nIn July, Louverture and Rigaud met commissioner Hédouville together. Hoping to create a rivalry that would diminish Toussaint's power, Hédouville displayed a strong preference for Rigaud, and an aversion for Toussaint. However, General Maitland was also playing on French rivalries and evaded Hédouville's authority to deal with Toussaint directly. In August, Toussaint and Maitland signed treaties for the evacuation of the remaining British troops. On 31 August, they signed a secret treaty which lifted the British blockade on Saint-Domingue in exchange for a promise that Toussaint would not export the black revolution to Jamaica.\n\nAs Toussaint's relationship with Hédouville reached the breaking point, an uprising began among the troops of Toussaint's adopted nephew, Hyacinthe Moïse. Attempts by Hédouville to manage the situation made matters worse and Toussaint declined to help him. As the rebellion grew to a full-scale insurrection, Hedouville prepared to leave the island, while Toussaint and Dessalines threatened to arrest him as a troublemaker. Hédouville sailed for France in October 1798, nominally transferring his authority to Rigaud. Toussaint decided instead to work with Phillipe Roume, a member of the third commission who had been posted to the Spanish parts of the colony. Though he continued to protest his loyalty to the French government, he had expelled a second government representative from the territory and was about to negotiate another autonomous agreement with one of France's enemies.\n\nThe United States had suspended trade with France in 1798 because of increasing conflict over piracy. The two countries were almost at war, but trade between Saint-Domingue and the United States was desirable to both Toussaint and the United States. With Hédouville gone, Louverture sent Joseph Bunel to negotiate with the government of John Adams. The terms of the treaty were similar to those already established with the British, but Toussaint continually resisted suggestions from either power that he should declare independence. As long as France maintained the abolition of slavery, it seems that he was content that the colony remain French, at least in name.\n\nIn 1799, the tensions between Toussaint and André Rigaud came to a head. Louverture accused Rigaud of trying to assassinate him to gain power over Saint-Domingue for himself. Rigaud claimed Toussaint was conspiring with the British to restore slavery. The conflict was complicated by racial overtones which escalated tension between blacks and mulattoes. Toussaint had other political reasons for bringing down Rigaud. Only by controlling every port could he hope to prevent a landing of French troops if necessary.\nLouverture persuaded Roume to declare Rigaud a traitor in July 1799 and attacked the southern state. The civil war lasted over a year, with the defeated Rigaud fleeing to Guadeloupe, then France, in August 1800. Toussaint delegated most of the campaign to his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who became infamous, during and after the war, for massacring mulatto captives and civilians. The number of deaths is contested: James claims a few hundred deaths in contravention of the amnesty. The contemporary French general, Pamphile de Lacroix, suggested 10,000.\n\nIn November 1799, during the civil war, Napoleon Bonaparte gained power in France and passed a new constitution declaring that the colonies would be subject to special laws. Although the colonies suspected this meant the re-introduction of slavery, Napoleon began by confirming Toussaint's position and promising to maintain the abolition. But he also forbade Toussaint to invade Spanish Santo Domingo, an action that would put Toussaint in a powerful defensive position. Toussaint was determined to proceed anyway and coerced Roume into supplying the necessary permission. In January 1801, Toussaint and Hyacinthe Moïse invaded the Spanish territory, taking possession from the Governor, Don Garcia, with few difficulties. The area had been wilder and less densely populated than the French section. Toussaint brought it under French law which abolished slavery, and embarked on a program of modernization. He was now master of the whole island.\n\nNapoleon had made it clear to the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue that France would draw up a new constitution for its colonies, in which they would be subjected to special laws.Despite his initial protestations to the contrary, it seemed likely all along that he might restore slavery, which obviously worried the former slaves in Saint-Domingue. In March 1801, Louverture appointed a constitutional assembly, mainly composed of white planters, to draft a constitution for Saint-Domingue. He promulgated the Constitution on July 7, 1801, officially establishing his authority over the entire island of Hispaniola. It made him Governor-General for Life with near absolute powers and the possibility of choosing his successor. However, Toussaint was careful enough as to not explicitly declare Saint-Domingue's independence, immediately acknowledging that it was just a single colony of the French Empire in Article 1 of the Constitution. Article 3 of the constitution states: \"There cannot exist slaves [in Saint-Domingue], servitude is therein forever abolished. All men are born, live and die free and French.\" The constitution guaranteed equal opportunity and equal treatment under the law for all races, but also confirmed Toussaint's policies of forced labour and the importation of workers through the slave trade. Toussaint was not willing to compromise the dominant Vodou faith for Catholicism. Article 6 clearly states that \"the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman faith shall be the only publicly professed faith.\" Which is different from say directly outlawing other faiths being practiced.\n\nToussaint charged Colonel Vincent with the task of presenting the new constitution to Napoleon, even though Vincent himself was horrified to discover that the general had gone so far. Several aspects of the constitution were damaging to France: the absence of provision for French government officials, the lack of advantages to France in trade with its own colony, and Toussaint's breach of protocol in publishing the constitution before submitting it to the French government. Despite his disapproval, Vincent attempted to submit the constitution to Napoleon in a positive light, but was briefly exiled to Elba for his pains.\nToussaint professed himself a Frenchman and strove to convince Bonaparte of his loyalty. He wrote to Napoleon but received no reply. Napoleon eventually decided to send an expedition of 20,000 men to Saint-Domingue to restore French authority, and possibly to restore slavery as well\n\nNapoleon's troops, under the command of his brother-in-law, General Charles Emmanuel Leclerc, were to seize control of the island by diplomatic means, proclaiming peaceful intentions, and keeping secret his orders to deport all black officers. Meanwhile, Toussaint was preparing for defence and ensuring discipline. This may have contributed to a rebellion against forced labor led by his nephew and top general, Moïse, in October 1801. It was violently repressed with the result that when the French ships arrived not all of Saint-Domingue was automatically on Toussaint's side. In late January 1802, while Leclerc sought permission to land at Cap-Français and Christophe held him off, the Vicomte de Rochambeau suddenly attacked Fort-Liberté, effectively quashing the diplomatic option.\nToussaint's plan in case of war was to burn the coastal cities and as much of the plains as possible, retreat with his troops into the inaccessible mountains and wait for fever to decimate the European troops. The biggest impediment to this plan proved to be difficulty in internal communications. Christophe burned Cap-Français and retreated, but Paul Louverture was tricked by a false letter into allowing the French to occupy Santo Domingo; other officers believed Napoleon's diplomatic proclamation, while some attempted resistance instead of burning and retreating. French reports to Napoleon show that in the months of fighting that followed, the French felt their position was weak, but that Toussaint and his generals were not fully conscious of their strength.\n\nWith both sides shocked by the violence of the initial fighting, Leclerc tried belatedly to revert to the diplomatic solution. Toussaint's sons and their tutor had accompanied the expedition with this end in mind and were now sent to present Napoleon's proclamation to Toussaint. When these talks broke down, months of inconclusive fighting followed. On 6 May 1802, Louverture rode into Cap-Français to treat with Leclerc. He negotiated an amnesty for all his remaining generals, then retired with full honors to his plantations at Ennery.\n\nJean-Jacques Dessalines was at least partially responsible for Louverture's arrest, as asserted by several authors, including Louverture's own son Isaac. \n\nit is claimed that Dessaline concidered Louverture to be too leniant to counter revolutionaries. Dessaline was a very brutal military tactician, that was known for his take no prisoners attitude, and his black and white thinking, which was at odds with Toussaints endevors to try and reduce as much violene and blood shed as possible.\n\nOn 22 May 1802, after Dessalines \"learned that Louverture had failed to instruct a local rebel leader to lay down his arms per the recent ceasefire agreement, he immediately wrote Leclerc to denounce Louverture’s conduct as “extraordinary.” For this action, Dessalines and his spouse received gifts from Jean Baptiste Brunet.\nLeclerc originally asked Dessalines to arrest Louverture, but he declined. The task then fell to Jean Baptiste Brunet. However accounts differ as to how he accomplished this. One account has it that Brunet pretended that he planned to settle in Saint-Domingue and was asking Toussaint's advice about plantation management. Louverture's memoirs however suggest that Brunet's troops had been provocative, leading Louverture to seek a discussion with him. Either way, Louverture had a letter in which Brunet described himself as a \"sincere friend\" to take with him to France. Embarrassed about his trickery, Brunet absented himself during the arrest. He deported them to France on the frigate Créole and the 74-gun Héros, claiming that he suspected the former leader of plotting an uprising. Boarding Créole, Toussaint Louverture famously warned his captors that the rebels would not repeat his mistake:\n\nIn overthrowing me you have cut down in Saint Domingue only the trunk of the tree of liberty; it will spring up again from the roots, for they are numerous and they are deep.\nThey reached France on 2 July 1802 and, on 25 August, Toussaint Louverture was sent to the jail in Fort-de-Joux in the Doubs. While in prison, he died on the seventh of April, 1803. Suggested causes of death include exhaustion, malnutrition, apoplexy, pneumonia and possibly tuberculosis. In his absence, Napoleon planned to reinstate slavery in the france, beleiving Dessaline to be his guard dog or puppet of Saint Domingue, how ever Jean-Jacques Dessalines led the Haitian rebellion until its completion, finally defeating the French forces in 1803, and conducting a genocide of people of french descent.\n\nFollowing the revolution. all the western significant financial powers refused trade with Haiti and even declared open war on Haiti. the united states didn't even declare Haiti an independent country until Abraham Lincoln, fifty years later, and didn't aboilish slavery until sixty years later.\n\nSpain, Germany and Holland threatened to invade Haiti, France and the united states embargo'd Haiti. the united states wouldn't have been able to accomplish the Louisiana purchase if it wasn't for the amount of resources lost by Napoleon during his war effort against Haiti when he sent twenty thousand troops. but most of the leaders of the united states were slave owners. France threatened to re-enslave the people twenty years after the revolution, war ships circled the country year after year and was forced to pay a fee of reparations to ward off French invasion equal to 22 billion dollars in todays money (a penance for all the money France lost by losing its slave trade and colony of Saint Domingue). in order to pay the fee, Haiti had to shut down its public school system. when people talk about Haiti's illiteracy or underdevelopment, its because of this penance that Haiti was forced to pay. it took over a century for Haiti to pay off the debt.\n\nin 1915, during US occupation, the law of white men not being able to own land or walk as masters in Haiti was revoked. marines encircled parliament and arrested all its members to revoke this law. one of the first things it did was to change Haitians currency from a gold backed currency to a debt based currency. All of Haiti's gold was taken \"for safe keeping\" and stored in Fort Knox.\n\n in 1990 Haiti were finally able to elect their first democratically elected president. a priest that grew up in the poorest parts of Haiti. the united states wanted Marc Bazin to win, and gave him funding. but Jean-Bertrand Aristide won easily. so the united states caused a coup to oust him, and he was deposed, later he ran again and won again, and was exiled for nine years. the Clinton administration created an economic blockade to assist this. the U.S. changed the laws that stated only Haitian nationals could own land in Haiti. rich foreign corporate interests have come in and gentrified and laid claim to the most profitable areas of Haiti, the Clinton Haitian earthquake relief was instrumental in this.\n\n\"Even if you see my self submit to French domination and authority one hundred times. Know that, one hundred times one hundred; I, shall betray them. I promise you, I will give you independence.\" \"He puts out his word, and his word is bond, and bond is life, and he shall give his life before his word shall fail.\"\n\n-Jean-Jacques Dessalines.\n\n\"look at what you did, it is not the armies victory, it is your victory. if you were not there for the army to hide, if you were not there for the army to be fed, if you were not there to bring weapons, then what would be realized? look at what you did\"\n\n-Jean-Jacques Dessaline\n\n \"i never gave my kids Christmas presents, eventually they complained enough that i said 'i'm going to give you forty dollars, you can go to the store, and you can buy what ever you want, but if your smart, your gonna hold on to your money, and your going to wait until Christmas is over, and then see what you can buy from the store for forty dollars, i never had any more complaints about Christmas'\"\n\n-Bayinnah Bello",
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