A small tool to view real-world ActivityPub objects as JSON! Enter a URL
or username from Mastodon or a similar service below, and we'll send a
request with
the right
Accept
header
to the server to view the underlying object.
{
"@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams",
"type": "OrderedCollectionPage",
"orderedItems": [
{
"type": "Create",
"actor": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"object": {
"type": "Note",
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1061610607184781312",
"attributedTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"content": "Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 (MH-17), that was shot down on July 17, 2014 in the Donbass region of Eastern Ukraine, killed all passengers onboard and was immediately blamed on pro-Russia Donbass volunteer militias fighting against henchmen of the Maidan civil unrest, the Neo-Nazi Azov Battalion and the Ukrainian military. The blame was assigned against the <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Donbass\" title=\"#Donbass\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Donbass</a> militias with no investigation occurring and many questions remaining unanswered. These questions were answered by Former Lieutenant Colonel Vasily Prozorov of the Ukrainian Security Services, who fled to Russia, in a damning new documentary titled “MH-17: In Search Of Truth.” <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=ukraine\" title=\"#ukraine\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#ukraine</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=ukrainerussia\" title=\"#ukrainerussia\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#ukrainerussia</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=ukrainegovernmentcollaboratinginclintoninvestigation\" title=\"#ukrainegovernmentcollaboratinginclintoninvestigation\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#ukrainegovernmentcollaboratinginclintoninvestigation</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=mh17\" title=\"#mh17\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#mh17</a><br /><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVMbCTWRcSs\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVMbCTWRcSs</a>",
"to": [
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"
],
"cc": [
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/followers"
],
"tag": [],
"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1061610607184781312",
"published": "2020-01-08T11:41:32+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 (MH-17), that was shot down on July 17, 2014 in the Donbass region of Eastern Ukraine, killed all passengers onboard and was immediately blamed on pro-Russia Donbass volunteer militias fighting against henchmen of the Maidan civil unrest, the Neo-Nazi Azov Battalion and the Ukrainian military. The blame was assigned against the #Donbass militias with no investigation occurring and many questions remaining unanswered. These questions were answered by Former Lieutenant Colonel Vasily Prozorov of the Ukrainian Security Services, who fled to Russia, in a damning new documentary titled “MH-17: In Search Of Truth.” #ukraine #ukrainerussia #ukrainegovernmentcollaboratinginclintoninvestigation #mh17\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVMbCTWRcSs",
"mediaType": "text/plain"
}
},
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1061610607184781312/activity"
},
{
"type": "Create",
"actor": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"object": {
"type": "Note",
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1061608817283715072",
"attributedTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"content": "<a href=\"https://southfront.org/ukranian-whistleblower-reveals-mh-17-tragedy-was-orchestrated-by-poroshenko-and-british-secret-service/\" target=\"_blank\">https://southfront.org/ukranian-whistleblower-reveals-mh-17-tragedy-was-orchestrated-by-poroshenko-and-british-secret-service/</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Ukraine\" title=\"#Ukraine\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Ukraine</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=russia\" title=\"#russia\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#russia</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=MI6\" title=\"#MI6\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#MI6</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=britain\" title=\"#britain\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#britain</a>",
"to": [
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"
],
"cc": [
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/followers"
],
"tag": [],
"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1061608817283715072",
"published": "2020-01-08T11:34:25+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "https://southfront.org/ukranian-whistleblower-reveals-mh-17-tragedy-was-orchestrated-by-poroshenko-and-british-secret-service/ #Ukraine #russia #MI6 #britain",
"mediaType": "text/plain"
}
},
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1061608817283715072/activity"
},
{
"type": "Create",
"actor": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"object": {
"type": "Note",
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1061206777773940736",
"attributedTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"content": "This is why i constantly remind people. Stop opening documents, stop opening PDF files, and stop using Google Docs for activism. You fucking retards. <br /><br />“Getting Malicious Office Documents to Fire with Protected View” by Curtis Brazzell <a href=\"https://link.medium.com/ovBiRjHb32\" target=\"_blank\">https://link.medium.com/ovBiRjHb32</a><br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=privacy\" title=\"#privacy\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#privacy</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=security\" title=\"#security\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#security</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=opsec\" title=\"#opsec\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#opsec</a>",
"to": [
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"
],
"cc": [
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/followers"
],
"tag": [],
"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1061206777773940736",
"published": "2020-01-07T08:56:52+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "This is why i constantly remind people. Stop opening documents, stop opening PDF files, and stop using Google Docs for activism. You fucking retards. \n\n“Getting Malicious Office Documents to Fire with Protected View” by Curtis Brazzell https://link.medium.com/ovBiRjHb32\n\n#privacy #security #opsec",
"mediaType": "text/plain"
}
},
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1061206777773940736/activity"
},
{
"type": "Create",
"actor": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"object": {
"type": "Note",
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1059152171439362048",
"attributedTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"content": "<a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=American\" title=\"#American\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#American</a> occupation forces deploy snipers over the American embassy in <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Baghdad\" title=\"#Baghdad\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Baghdad</a> and launch tear gas to disperse the Pro <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=PMU\" title=\"#PMU\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#PMU</a> protesters \"<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=News\" title=\"#News\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#News</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Breakingnews\" title=\"#Breakingnews\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Breakingnews</a> ",
"to": [
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"
],
"cc": [
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/followers"
],
"tag": [],
"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1059152171439362048",
"published": "2020-01-01T16:52:35+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "#American occupation forces deploy snipers over the American embassy in #Baghdad and launch tear gas to disperse the Pro #PMU protesters \"\n\n#News #Breakingnews ",
"mediaType": "text/plain"
}
},
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1059152171439362048/activity"
},
{
"type": "Create",
"actor": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"object": {
"type": "Note",
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1059151594009706496",
"attributedTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"content": "Anyone who thinks Europe is great, needs to ask why all these Europeans are killing themselves to move to our council estates just to get out of the great France, Spain and Italy. What you are seeing here is Britain in 5-10 years time if not sooner. The damage is done. <br /><br />Around 211 people have been arrested last night on New Year's eve in <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Brussels\" title=\"#Brussels\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Brussels</a>, Belgium, and around 21 vehicles have been set on fire.<br /><br />🔗 Sotiri Dimpinoudis (<a class=\"u-url mention\" href=\"https://www.minds.com/sotiridi\" target=\"_blank\">@sotiridi</a>)<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=brexit\" title=\"#brexit\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#brexit</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=europe\" title=\"#europe\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#europe</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=news\" title=\"#news\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#news</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=breakingnews\" title=\"#breakingnews\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#breakingnews</a>",
"to": [
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"
],
"cc": [
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/followers"
],
"tag": [],
"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1059151594009706496",
"published": "2020-01-01T16:50:18+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "Anyone who thinks Europe is great, needs to ask why all these Europeans are killing themselves to move to our council estates just to get out of the great France, Spain and Italy. What you are seeing here is Britain in 5-10 years time if not sooner. The damage is done. \n\nAround 211 people have been arrested last night on New Year's eve in #Brussels, Belgium, and around 21 vehicles have been set on fire.\n\n🔗 Sotiri Dimpinoudis (@sotiridi)\n\n#brexit #europe #news #breakingnews",
"mediaType": "text/plain"
}
},
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1059151594009706496/activity"
},
{
"type": "Create",
"actor": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"object": {
"type": "Note",
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1059143446604865536",
"attributedTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"content": "<a href=\"https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1059143446604865536\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1059143446604865536</a>",
"to": [
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"
],
"cc": [
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/followers",
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/944763304142708740"
],
"tag": [],
"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1059143446604865536",
"published": "2020-01-01T16:17:55+00:00",
"inReplyTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/944763304142708740/entities/urn:activity:1058972543995760640",
"source": {
"content": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1059143446604865536",
"mediaType": "text/plain"
}
},
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1059143446604865536/activity"
},
{
"type": "Create",
"actor": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"object": {
"type": "Note",
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1059143314931126272",
"attributedTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"content": "<a href=\"https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1059143314931126272\" target=\"_blank\">https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1059143314931126272</a>",
"to": [
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"
],
"cc": [
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/followers",
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/847988914621784083"
],
"tag": [],
"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1059143314931126272",
"published": "2020-01-01T16:17:24+00:00",
"inReplyTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/847988914621784083/entities/urn:activity:1059015060274483200",
"source": {
"content": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1059143314931126272",
"mediaType": "text/plain"
}
},
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1059143314931126272/activity"
},
{
"type": "Create",
"actor": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"object": {
"type": "Note",
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1059141649347244032",
"attributedTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"content": "— \"Mainland <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=China\" title=\"#China\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#China</a> Flights From <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=Wuhan\" title=\"#Wuhan\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#Wuhan</a> Quarantined After Outbreak Of Unknown Respiratory Disease.<br /><br />There has been an unexplained pneumonia epidemic in Wuhan. In response, authorities will quarantine direct flights departing from Wuhan.<br /><br />🔗 Global Breaking News (<a class=\"u-url mention\" href=\"https://www.minds.com/GBNReports\" target=\"_blank\">@GBNReports</a>)<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=news\" title=\"#news\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#news</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=breakingnews\" title=\"#breakingnews\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#breakingnews</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=politics\" title=\"#politics\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#politics</a>",
"to": [
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"
],
"cc": [
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/followers"
],
"tag": [],
"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1059141649347244032",
"published": "2020-01-01T16:10:47+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "— \"Mainland #China Flights From #Wuhan Quarantined After Outbreak Of Unknown Respiratory Disease.\n\nThere has been an unexplained pneumonia epidemic in Wuhan. In response, authorities will quarantine direct flights departing from Wuhan.\n\n🔗 Global Breaking News (@GBNReports)\n\n#news #breakingnews #politics",
"mediaType": "text/plain"
}
},
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1059141649347244032/activity"
},
{
"type": "Create",
"actor": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"object": {
"type": "Note",
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1058896890009112576",
"attributedTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"content": "Meanwhile, Paris burns for New Year Eve. <br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=news\" title=\"#news\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#news</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=minds\" title=\"#minds\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#minds</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=politics\" title=\"#politics\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#politics</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=brexit\" title=\"#brexit\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#brexit</a>",
"to": [
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"
],
"cc": [
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/followers"
],
"tag": [],
"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1058896890009112576",
"published": "2019-12-31T23:58:11+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "Meanwhile, Paris burns for New Year Eve. \n\n#news #minds #politics #brexit",
"mediaType": "text/plain"
}
},
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1058896890009112576/activity"
},
{
"type": "Create",
"actor": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"object": {
"type": "Note",
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1058823097286266880",
"attributedTo": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"content": "US Embassy gate in Baghdad has been torched by Pro-Iran militias and it's supporters!<br /><br />🔗 Aleph🕯א (<a class=\"u-url mention\" href=\"https://www.minds.com/no_itsmyturn\" target=\"_blank\">@no_itsmyturn</a>) Twitter<br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=news\" title=\"#news\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#news</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=politics\" title=\"#politics\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#politics</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=iraq\" title=\"#iraq\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#iraq</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=bagdhad\" title=\"#bagdhad\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#bagdhad</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=trump\" title=\"#trump\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#trump</a> ",
"to": [
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"
],
"cc": [
"https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/followers"
],
"tag": [],
"url": "https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1058823097286266880",
"published": "2019-12-31T19:04:58+00:00",
"source": {
"content": "US Embassy gate in Baghdad has been torched by Pro-Iran militias and it's supporters!\n\n🔗 Aleph🕯א (@no_itsmyturn) Twitter\n\n#news #politics #iraq #bagdhad #trump ",
"mediaType": "text/plain"
}
},
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1058823097286266880/activity"
},
{
"type": "Create",
"actor": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826",
"object": {
"type": "Note",
"id": "https://www.minds.com/api/activitypub/users/1055672556662562826/entities/urn:activity:1058666666276360192",
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"content": "What makes somebody British? <br /><br /><a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=british\" title=\"#british\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#british</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=history\" title=\"#history\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#history</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=minds\" title=\"#minds\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#minds</a> <a href=\"https://www.minds.com/search?f=top&t=all&q=science\" title=\"#science\" class=\"u-url hashtag\" target=\"_blank\">#science</a><br /><br />DNA analysis over the past 15 to 20 years has revealed that the people of Ireland and Great Britain (as well as much of nearby northwestern/western continental Europe) share a common genetic ancestry going back to the end of the last ice age.<br /><br />By the time it is appropriate to think of the Irish and (Celtic) British as separate peoples culturally, say 1500 to 2000 years ago, there were extensive interactions between Ireland and the western parts of Great Britain. For example, there are archaeological remains of Irish settlements in what is now Wales, and the Ulaid (from present-day Co. Antrim) established the kingdom of Dál Riata in western Scotland. It is reasonable to assume that there was an exchange of DNA among the Irish and the Britons at that time (though, despite their cultural/linguistic differences, both groups were still essentially identical from a genetic perspective).<br /><br />The ancient Irish were enthusiastic slave-raiders and brought many slaves over from Great Britain. After the fifth century AD, their victims necessarily included Anglo-Saxons, and thus we may expect that “English” (as opposed to British) genes began to enter the Irish gene pool from then on. The importation of British/English slaves continued after the Norse established Dublin and other towns and largely superseded the Irish as slave traders.<br /><br />The English invaded Ireland in 1169–71. As the Cambro-Norman official Gerald of Wales described in his Expugnatio Hibernica (“The Conquest of Ireland”) (1189), these “English” included Normans, Flemings and Welshmen. They settled mainly in Leinster and parts of Munster, where they and their descendants often intermarried with the Irish. Surnames of medieval Anglo-Norman and Welsh origin are still common in those parts of Ireland.<br /><br />The late 16th and early-to-mid 17th centuries saw the influx of significant numbers of English and Scots settlers, particularly in Ulster but also in parts of Munster. The big difference between these settlers and the Irish (both of Gaelic Irish and Anglo-Norman descent) was that the newcomers were Protestant and the Irish were Catholic. This diminished the possibilities for intermarriage, especially in Ulster where the settlers had sufficient critical mass numerically to maintain a separate cultural identity. But hormones will be hormones, and a certain amount of exchange of genetic materials took place nonetheless.<br /><br />Of course, aside from the large influxes of English and Welsh in 1170–1200s and English and Scots in the 1580s-1600s, there was always a constant traffic of smaller numbers across the Irish Sea—officials, soldiers, merchants, adventurers—and these left their mark as well.<br /><br />While we may not be able to say whether all Irish people are part English, Scottish or Welsh, it is indisputable that over the course of history, strong dashes of English, Welsh and Scots seasoning were added to the genetic Irish stew. But before there ever were Irish, English, Welsh or Scots, all four peoples shared a common ancestor. ",
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"content": "What makes somebody British? \n\n#british #history #minds #science\n\nDNA analysis over the past 15 to 20 years has revealed that the people of Ireland and Great Britain (as well as much of nearby northwestern/western continental Europe) share a common genetic ancestry going back to the end of the last ice age.\n\nBy the time it is appropriate to think of the Irish and (Celtic) British as separate peoples culturally, say 1500 to 2000 years ago, there were extensive interactions between Ireland and the western parts of Great Britain. For example, there are archaeological remains of Irish settlements in what is now Wales, and the Ulaid (from present-day Co. Antrim) established the kingdom of Dál Riata in western Scotland. It is reasonable to assume that there was an exchange of DNA among the Irish and the Britons at that time (though, despite their cultural/linguistic differences, both groups were still essentially identical from a genetic perspective).\n\nThe ancient Irish were enthusiastic slave-raiders and brought many slaves over from Great Britain. After the fifth century AD, their victims necessarily included Anglo-Saxons, and thus we may expect that “English” (as opposed to British) genes began to enter the Irish gene pool from then on. The importation of British/English slaves continued after the Norse established Dublin and other towns and largely superseded the Irish as slave traders.\n\nThe English invaded Ireland in 1169–71. As the Cambro-Norman official Gerald of Wales described in his Expugnatio Hibernica (“The Conquest of Ireland”) (1189), these “English” included Normans, Flemings and Welshmen. They settled mainly in Leinster and parts of Munster, where they and their descendants often intermarried with the Irish. Surnames of medieval Anglo-Norman and Welsh origin are still common in those parts of Ireland.\n\nThe late 16th and early-to-mid 17th centuries saw the influx of significant numbers of English and Scots settlers, particularly in Ulster but also in parts of Munster. The big difference between these settlers and the Irish (both of Gaelic Irish and Anglo-Norman descent) was that the newcomers were Protestant and the Irish were Catholic. This diminished the possibilities for intermarriage, especially in Ulster where the settlers had sufficient critical mass numerically to maintain a separate cultural identity. But hormones will be hormones, and a certain amount of exchange of genetic materials took place nonetheless.\n\nOf course, aside from the large influxes of English and Welsh in 1170–1200s and English and Scots in the 1580s-1600s, there was always a constant traffic of smaller numbers across the Irish Sea—officials, soldiers, merchants, adventurers—and these left their mark as well.\n\nWhile we may not be able to say whether all Irish people are part English, Scottish or Welsh, it is indisputable that over the course of history, strong dashes of English, Welsh and Scots seasoning were added to the genetic Irish stew. But before there ever were Irish, English, Welsh or Scots, all four peoples shared a common ancestor. ",
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